Requirements for Chinese Text Layout
中文排版需求

Languages Used in this Document 本文档所使用的中文语言 本文檔所使用的中文語言

This document was developed by people working in different areas, using both Simplified and Traditional Chinese. We very much appreciate the contributions of the editors and collaborators from different linguistic backgrounds, and their willingness to collaborate across linguistic boundaries. In this early version of the Group Draft Note, the version of the script used for the Chinese text depends on the person who contributed the text. We plan to create separate translations of the Chinese text in future versions of this document, but at this early stage, the original contributions are kept as is to enable rapid development of the text.

本文的作者来自各个地区，包含繁体中文使用者和简体中文使用者。我们感谢来自不同语言文化背景的编辑们及合作者们对本文档的贡献，并对他们跨越文化差异、共同致力完善本文档的美好愿景表示钦佩。在本草稿的早期阶段，文中汉语所使用的版本取决于贡献此内容的编写者。未来的版本会逐步改善整理此混合文本，但在本阶段，原始文本将被保留以快速完成和修正本文档。

本文的作者來自各個地區，包含繁體中文使用者和簡體中文使用者。我們感謝來自不同語言文化背景的編輯們及合作者們對本文檔的貢獻，並對他們跨越文化差異、共同致力完善本文檔的美好願景表示欽佩。在本草稿的早期階段，文中漢語所使用的版本取決於貢獻此內容的編寫者。未來的版本會逐步改善整理此混合文本，但在本階段，原始文本將被保留以快速完成和修正本文檔。

You can view the document in a single language using the buttons at the top right corner of the page.

您可通过本页面右上方的按钮选择阅读文档的单一语言版本。

您可通過本頁面右上方的按鈕選擇閱讀文檔的單一語言版本。

Design Approach 设计原则 設計原則

This document mainly adopts the following policies to explain the features of Chinese composition:

本文基于上述前提，主要将中文排版的特征以下列方针解说。

本文基於上述前提，主要將中文排版的特徵以下列方針解說。

• It does not fully cover all details of the Chinese composition system, but mainly describes the differences from Western Typesetting and Requirements for Japanese Text Layout.

  不列举中文排版的各项细节，主要处理与西文排版、日文排版需求有所不同之处。

  不列舉中文排版的各項細節，主要處理與西文排版、日文排版需求有所不同之處。

• It explains in detail the similarities and differences among different areas and Traditional/Simplified Chinese composition.

  详细说明各个地区使用繁、简中文排版规则间的差异与相同之处。

  詳細說明各個地區使用繁、簡中文排版規則間的差異與相同之處。

• It describes presentational results and considers these results as issues and requirements for Chinese text layout. Meanwhile, it offers principles or methods for handling these issues, without describing particular technological solutions.

  说明中文排版所表现的结果，以及将其结果视为问题，即中文排版之需求。同时提供处理原理或方式，但不提出具体处理技术。

  說明中文排版所表現的結果，以及將其結果視為問題，即中文排版之需求。同時提供處理原理或方式，但不提出具體處理技術。

• It suggests solutions for, or explains, present-day issues that people face in Chinese composition.

  针对目前中文排版上所遇到的不明确问题，试图提出处理方法，或以列举的方式提出说明。

  針對目前中文排版上所遇到的不明確問題，試圖提出處理方法，或以列舉的方式提出說明。

• It provides typical instances of Chinese composition and their actual use cases as much as possible.

  我们也尽可能地提供中文排版的实际范例，并且在注释中说明该排版方式会应用于何种状况。

  我們也盡可能地提供中文排版的實際範例，並且在注釋中說明該排版方式會應用於何種狀況。

• In consideration of non-Chinese readers of this document, figures are used for explanation wherever possible.

  考虑到未曾接触过中文排版的读者，尽可能地以图解来呈现。

  考慮到未曾接觸過中文排版的讀者，盡可能地以圖解來呈現。

• It mainly explains modern Chinese publications, going back as far as the introduction of moveable type for Chinese printing. Although there are some differences between those early printed publications and current day publications, they are still considered part of Chinese composition. The document does not yet fully cover ancient books. Future editions may be revised to cover composition of such ancient publications.

  本文所提出的中文排版以近代为主，并追溯至金属活字印刷的成熟期，与现今流通的书籍排版也许有所不同，但依然属于中文排版规则。至于古籍排版，非本文件所及，待日后再依状况增修。

  本文所提出的中文排版以近代為主，並追溯至金屬活字印刷的成熟期，與現今流通的書籍排版也許有所不同，但依然屬於中文排版規則。至於古籍排版，非本文件所及，待日後再依狀況增修。

• For non-Chinese readers, frequency of use is indicated for each requirement. These frequencies are not the outcome of any accurate research, but arise from the long experience of the authors. Non-Chinese readers should understand that they are intuitive for ordinary Chinese readers. These frequencies serve to provide a general guidance for the prioritization of issues.

  我们也对日常上不会接触到中文排版的读者简单说明各排版需求的使用频率。但频率并非实际调查的结果，而是作者依经验所做的判断。即日常的中文读者可能做出的判断，让非中文读者理解其使用频率。简单而言，表示该排版处理的重要性，而并非信息的准确性。

  我們也對日常上不會接觸到中文排版的讀者簡單說明各排版需求的使用頻率。但頻率並非實際調查之結果，而是作者依經驗所做的判斷。即日常的中文讀者可能做出的判斷，讓非中文讀者理解其使用頻率。簡單而言，表示該排版處理的重要性，而並非資訊的準確性。

• The main target of this document is common books. But other publications, such as magazines or newspapers, are also included.

  本文以书籍作为主要描述对象，但也包括杂志、报纸等不同排版方式。

  本文以書籍作為主要描述對象，但也包括雜誌、報紙等不同排版方式。

Characters used for Chinese Composition 中文排版所使用的文字 中文排版所使用的文字

The majority of the text used in Chinese composition consists of Han characters (Hanzi).

中文排版主要使用的文字为汉字。

中文排版主要使用的文字為漢字。

Chinese characters include Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese alternatives. The former is commonly used in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao while the latter is commonly used in Mainland China, Singapore and Malaysia.

依照各地的通行标准，中文所使用的汉字主要分为繁体字与简体字。前者又称正体字、传统汉字等，主要通行于台湾、香港、澳门等地；后者又作简化字，主要通行于中国大陆、新马地区。本文依笔画多寡与部件结构为区别，分别称为繁体字与简体字。

依照各地的通行標準，中文所使用的漢字主要分為繁體字與簡體字。前者又作正體字、傳統漢字等，主要通行於台灣、香港、澳門等地；後者又作簡化字，主要通行於中國大陸、星馬地區。本文依筆畫多寡與部件結構為區別，分別稱為繁體字與簡體字。

Different glyphs are used in different regions. One Unicode code point of a Han character may have more than one valid glyph, depending on operating system and typeface used. The focus of this document is Chinese composition and will not cover glyph variations in detail.

不同地区所使用的字形有差异，各种字形与Unicode码位并非一一对应关系，需要依赖处理系统和字体来呈现。本文主要探究中文排版，对此不做详述。

不同地區所使用的字形有差異，各種字形與Unicode碼位並非一一對應關係，需要依賴處理系統和字體來呈現。本文主要探究中文排版，對此不做詳述。

In addition to Han characters (Hanzi), various punctuation marks, as well as Western text such as European numerals, Latin letters and/or Greek letters, may be used in Chinese text.

中文排版除了汉字外，也使用标点符号，也会与阿拉伯数字、拉丁文字、希腊文字等西文混排。

中文排版除了漢字外，也使用標點符號。也會與阿拉伯數字、拉丁文字、希臘文字等西文混排。

Han Characters 汉字 漢字

Han characters have square character frames of equal dimensions. Aligned with the vertical and horizontal center of the character frame, there is a smaller box called the character face, which contains the actual symbol. (There should be some space left between the character face and the character frame).

汉字有着正方形的文字外框。文字外框的正中央，有着比文字外框小的字面（反过来说，字面的上下左右与文字外框之间有若干空白。根据不同的字面设计，空白的大小会有所不同）。

漢字有著正方形的文字外框。文字外框的正中央，有著比文字外框小的字面（反過來說，字面的上下左右與文字外框之間有若干空白。根據不同的字面設計，空白的大小會有所不同）。

Character size is measured by the size of the character frame. Character advance is a term used to describe the advance width of the character frame of a character, which should be the same as the width of the character.

文字尺寸则为文字外框的尺寸。此外，字幅则是依照文字排列方向的文字外框大小，为文字的宽度。

文字尺寸則為文字外框的尺寸。此外，字幅則是依照文字排列方向的文字外框大小，為文字的寬度。

Principles for Arranging Characters during Chinese Composition 汉字的配置原则 漢字的配置原則

In principle, when composing a line with Han characters, no extra space appears between their character frames. This is called solid setting.

汉字依行排列文字，原则上文字外框彼此紧贴配置，称作密排。

漢字依行排列文字，原則上文字外框彼此緊貼配置，稱作密排。

Depending on the context, in addition to solid setting, several alternative setting methods can be used, as described below.

依照内容的不同，也会采用以下方式排列。

依照內容的不同，也會採用以下方式排列。

Increased inter-character spacing 增加字距 增加字距

It is common in books to increase the tracking between each character frame (i.e. loose setting) for the following cases:

在各字之间加入固定量的空白来排列文字，称作疏排。书籍排版上，遇到以下状况时，会采用这种排列方式。

在各字之間加入固定量的空白來排列文字，稱作疏排。書籍排版上，遇到以下狀況時，會採用這種排列方式。

1. To achieve a balance between running heads with different numbers of characters, increased inter-character spacing is used for running heads with few characters.

   为使字数不同的标题间能取得平衡，而加大字距。

   為使字數不同的標題間能取得平衡，而加大字距。

2. For captions of illustrations and tables, which only have a few characters, increased inter-character spacing is used to achieve balance with the size of the illustration or table.

   图片与表格之说明文字字数较少时，为取得平衡，而加大字距。

   圖片與表格之說明文字字數較少時，為取得平衡，而加大字距。

3. In some cases, increased inter-character spacing is used for poetry with lines of only a few characters, so as to maintain the balance of the layout.

   应用于字数少的诗词时，为与版面取得平衡，而加大字距。

   應用於字數少的詩詞時，為與版面取得平衡，而加大字距。

4. For publications whose main audience is children, inter-character spacing is increased to make it easier for them to read.

   针对儿童书籍等，为提高易读性，而加大字距。

   針對兒童書籍等，為提升易讀性，而加大字距。

Reduced inter-character spacing 减少字距 減少字距

By reducing the inter-character spacing, a portion of two character frames overlap each other (i.e. solid setting). This method is mainly used in the following cases:

减少字距，使得文字外框一部分重叠，称作紧排。这种处理方式，主要应用于：

減少字距，使得文字外框一部分重疊，稱作緊排。這種處理方式，主要應用於：

1. For characters in headings of magazines or advertisements, reduced inter-character spacing can be used to keep the characters on one line, or it can also be used to achieve a special effect for presentation.

   杂志标题及广告文案字数较多，为使其排列于一行，或为求特殊表现时使用。

   雜誌標題及廣告文案字數較多，為使其排列於一行，或為求特殊表現時使用。

2. Since Han characters are all square-shaped, this method does not apply to headings and content in books produced by letterpress printing.

   由于汉字皆为正方形，此方式并不适用于活字排版，故不应用于书籍标题与内文的排列上。

   由於漢字皆為正方形，此方式並不適用於活字排版，故不應用於書籍標題與內文的排列上。

Four frequently-used Typefaces for Chinese Text 中文排版经常使用的四种字体 中文排版經常使用的四種字體

There are many types of typefaces used in Chinese composition, but the following four typefaces are the most important ones:

中文排版使用的字体种类繁多，但有四种字体最为重要：

中文排版使用的字體種類繁多，但有四種字體最為重要：

• Song 宋体 宋體
• Kai 楷体 楷體
• Hei 黑体 黑體
• Fangsong 仿宋体 仿宋體

These four typefaces can be used alone in the main text of books, or they can be mixed as well. The following sections introduce their usage scenarios respectively.

这四种字体均既可单独用于图书的长篇正文排版，也可以混合搭配使用。下列各节分别介绍其使用情境。

這四種字體均既可單獨用於圖書的長篇正文排版，也可以混合搭配使用。下列各節分別介紹其使用情境。

Song 宋体 宋體

Song, also known as Songti or Ming, is currently the most common typeface used in Chinese printing. As seen in [[[#fig-song]]].

宋体，又称为明体或明朝体，是中文排版最常使用的字体。如[[[#fig-song]]]所示。

宋體，又稱為明體或明朝體，是中文排版最常使用的字體。如[[[#fig-song]]]所示。

Song is commonly used in text, headings and annotations. When used in headings, the characters will appear in a bold face, so as to distinguish the heading from the text.

普遍使用于内文文字、标题与注释。当应用于标题时，通常会特别加强字重，使其与内文有所差异。

普遍使用於內文文字、標題與注釋。當應用於標題時，通常會特別加強字重，使其與內文有所差異。

Kai 楷体 楷體

Kai also known as Kaiti or regular script, is another major typeface, which provides calligraphic styles for Chinese text. It shows notable handwriting features. As seen in [[[#fig-kai]]].

楷体又称正书、真书，为中文排版常用的字体。字体特性为带有书法形态、手写笔触。如[[[#fig-kai]]]所示。

楷體又稱正書、真書，為中文排版常用的字體。字體特性為帶有書法形態、手寫筆觸。如[[[#fig-kai]]]所示。

Kai is commonly used in official documents and textbooks. Most official documents in Taiwan use Kai in full text.

楷体普遍用于公文书、教科书。台湾的公文书多全文使用楷体。

楷體普遍用於公文書、教科書。臺灣的公文書多全文使用楷體。

Kai can also be combined with other typefaces to be used in text that needs to be differentiated from the rest of the content, for example, headlines, references, quotations, and dialogs.

楷体也可与其他字体搭配，用于标题、引言、摘句、对话、内容出处等与内文有所不同的段落上。

楷體也可與其他字體搭配，用於標題、引言、摘句、對話、內容出處等與內文有所不同的段落上。

Hei 黑体 黑體

Hei, also known as Heiti or Gothic, is a type style characterized by strokes of even thickness and less decoration, as seen in [[[#fig-hei]]].

黑体又作方体，字体特性为笔画宽度平均，较少装饰。如[[[#fig-hei]]]所示。

黑體又作方體，字體特性為筆畫寬度平均，較少裝飾。如[[[#fig-hei]]]所示。

Traditionally, publications rarely apply the Hei style for content, but with the growing influence of the World Wide Web and the digital publishing industry, some publications are starting to experiment Hei in this context.

传统印刷品少使用黑体作为内文文字，但受到万维网、数字出版的影响，也有少数书籍开始使用黑体作为内文字体。

傳統印刷品少使用黑體作為內文文字，但受到萬維網、數位出版的影響，也有少數書籍開始使用黑體作為內文字體。

Hei can also be used with other typefaces. It is commonly used in headlines, signs, and personal names in dialogs. In body text, characters in Hei style with thicker strokes typically indicate emphasis.

黑体也可与其他字体搭配，用于标题、图说、对话之人名。内文中也会使用字重较粗的黑体作为特定文字的强调、着重。

黑體也可與其他字體搭配，用於標題、圖說、對話之人名。內文中也會使用字重較粗的黑體作為特定文字的強調、著重。

Fangsong 仿宋体 仿宋體

The Fangsong (Imitation Song) style lies between Song and Kai. As seen in [[[#fig-fangsong]]].

仿宋体的字体形态介于宋体与楷体之间。如[[[#fig-fangsong]]]所示。

仿宋體的字體形態介於宋體與楷體之間。如[[[#fig-fangsong]]]所示。

Fangsong is often used in literary works and ancient books, while Mainland China stipulates that the official documents of the government should use Fangsong in principle.

仿宋体常用于文艺作品和古籍，而中国大陆则规定政府公文原则上应使用仿宋体。

仿宋體常用於文藝作品和古籍，而中國大陸則規定政府公文原則上應使用仿宋體。

Fangsong can also be used with other typefaces. It is commonly used in secondary titles and isolated paragraphs such as quotations or highlighted sentences.

仿宋体也可与其他字体搭配，常用于副标题和引言、摘句等区别于内文的部分上。

仿宋體也可與其他字體搭配，常用於副標題和引言、摘句等區別於內文的部分上。

Basic Elements of Page Formatting 排版样式的主要元素 排版樣式的主要元素

The following are the basic elements of a page format.

排版样式的主要元素如下：

排版樣式的主要元素如下：

• Trim size and binding side (vertically set Chinese documents are bound on the right-hand side, and horizontally set documents are bound on the left-hand side.)

  完成尺寸与装订线（中文书籍直排为右侧装订、横排为左侧装订）

  完成尺寸與裝訂邊（中文書籍直排為右側裝訂、橫排為左側裝訂）

• Principal text direction (vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode).

  文字书写方向（直排或横排）

  文字書寫方向（直排或橫排）

• Appearance of the type area and its position relative to the trim size.

  基本版式，及其与完成尺寸的相对位置

  基本版式，及其與完成尺寸的相對位置

• Appearance of running heads and page numbers, and their positions relative to the trim size and type area.

  页眉与页码位置

  頁眉與頁碼位置

Design of the Type Area 基本版式的设计元素 基本版式的設計元素

The type area defines the basic printing style of a book. The following are the basic elements of the type area.

基本版式的设计元素如下：

基本版式的設計元素如下：

• Character size and typeface name

  所使用的文字尺寸及字体种类

  所使用的文字尺寸及字體種類

• Text direction (vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode)

  文字书写方向（直排或横排）

  文字書寫方向（直排或橫排）

• Number of columns and column gap when using a multi-column format

  分栏时，栏数以及栏距

  分欄時，欄數以及欄距

• Length of a line

  一行的长度（字数）

  一行的長度（字數）

• Number of lines per page (number of lines per column when using a multi-column format)

  一页的行数（分栏时为一栏的行数）

  一頁的行數（分欄時為一欄的行數）

• Line gap

  行距

  行距

• Letter-spacing

  字距

  字距

From the Template of the Page Format to the Actual Page Format 从基本版式到实际版面的定版设计 從基本版式到實際版面的定版設計

This section explains how to create an actual page format based on the type area.

本部分说明如何以基本版式为起点来为实际的各页面确定版式，这个步骤称做具体页面的“定版”。

本部分說明如何以基本版式為起點來為實際的各頁面確定版式，這個步驟稱做具體頁面的「定版」。

1. Realm and position of headings: The spacing of the heading in the block direction (i.e., height of the heading in horizontal writing mode or width of the heading in vertical writing mode) should be calculated from the position of the body text, and set to a multiple of the number of lines. If indent of the heading space is required, the starting point should be from the body text position set by the type area, and the amount of indent should be a multiple of the body text size.

   标题的地位：标题摆放的位置及其所占空间，应以基本版式设定中行的位置为基准，以“占几行空间”方式来设计，这个方式称作“占行”。实际定版工作中为计算方便，通常设置为行的整数倍。定版要求通常写成“单行标题占三行”或“双行标题占五行”等方式，“单行”“双行”指标题文字本身的行数，而“三行”“五行”则指的是基本版式中行所占的空间。标题缩排时，也应以基本版式所设定的文字尺寸为基准，决定要缩排的量。具体方法可见[[[#handling_of_headings]]]。

   標題的地位：標題擺放的位置及其所占空間，應以基本版式設定中行的位置為基準，以「占幾行空間」方式來設計，這個方式稱作「占行」。實際定版工作中為計算方便，通常設置為行的整數倍。定版要求通常寫成「單行標題占三行」或「雙行標題占五行」等方式，「單行」「雙行」指標題文字本身的行數，而「三行」「五行」則指的是基本版式中行所占的空間。標題縮排時，也應以基本版式所設定的文字尺寸為基準，決定要縮排的量。具體方法可見[[[#handling_of_headings]]]。

2. Size of illustrations: In horizontal writing mode, the width of illustrations should, if at all possible, be the width of the type area; in horizontal writing mode with multiple columns, the width of illustrations should, if at all possible, be the width of one type area column. The illustrations are usually set at the head or the foot of the page. Likewise, in vertical writing mode, the height of illustrations should, if at all possible, be either the height of one type area column or the height of the type area. The illustrations are usually set at the right or left of the type area.

   图片的尺寸：图片宽度尽可能地与基本版式中的版心宽度一致；若基本版式为分栏排版，则尽可能与基本版式所设定的栏宽（直排为栏高）一致。图片的摆放位置则多与版心的天头、地脚对齐。

   圖片的尺寸：圖片寬度盡可能地與基本版式中的版心寬度一致；若基本版式為分欄排版，則盡可能與基本版式所設定的欄寬（直排為欄高）一致。圖片的擺放位置則多與版心的天頭、地腳對齊。

3. Pages for table of contents, index, and bibliography: These pages’ layout is also based on the type area of body text. In practice, additional paddings might be attached onto the start and the end of the lines. Furthermore, these pages might be set in multiple columns while the body text is single column.

   目录、索引、参考文献：此类页面也以基本版式为基准进行排版。但具体实践中，行首、行尾常会添加额外留白；此外，在正文采用单栏排版的同时，此类页面也有可能分为多栏。

   目錄、索引、參考文獻：此類頁面也以基本版式為基准進行排版。但具體實踐中，行首、行尾常會添加額外留白；此外，在正文採用單欄排版的同時，此類頁面也有可能分為多欄。

Procedure for Defining the Type Area 设计基本版式的步骤 設計基本版式的步驟

1. Specifying the dimensions of the type area

   决定版心尺寸

   決定版心尺寸

   1. For a document with a single column per page, specify the character size, the line length (the number of characters per line), the number of lines per page, and the line gap.

      无分栏时，需决定文字尺寸、一行的字数（即行长）、一页的行数以及行距。

      無分欄時，需決定文字尺寸、一行的字數（即行長）、一頁的行數以及行距。

   2. For a document with multiple columns per page, specify the character size, the line length (the number of characters per line), the number of lines per column, the line gap, the number of columns and the column gap.

      当分栏时，需决定文字尺寸、一行的字数（即行长）、一栏的行数、行距、栏数以及栏距。

      當分欄時，需決定文字尺寸、一行的字數（即行長）、一欄的行數、行距、欄數以及欄距。

2. For determining the position of the type area relative to the trim size, there are various alternative methods available:

   决定相对于完成尺寸，版心的配置位置。版心配置位置的设计顺序有着以下方式。

   決定相對於完成尺寸，版心的配置位置。版心配置位置的設計順序有著以下方式。

   1. Set the type area at the horizontal and vertical center of the trim size.

      将版心置于完成尺寸的正中央，天地等高、左右等宽。

      將版心置於完成尺寸的正中央，天地等高、左右等寬。

   2. Position vertically by specifying the size of the space at the head (for horizontal writing mode) or the space at the foot (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by centering the type area.

      横排时指定天的留白量、直排时则指定地的留白量，左右等宽。

      橫排時指定天的留白量、直排時則指定地的留白量，左右等寬。

   3. Position vertically by centering the type area. Position horizontally by specifying the size of the space for the gutter.

      天地等高，指定装订线的留白量。

      天地等高，指定裝訂邊的留白量。

   4. Position vertically by specifying the space at the head (for horizontal writing mode) or the space at the foot (for vertical writing mode). Position horizontally by specifying the size of the space for the gutter.

      指定装订线的留白量，横排时指定天的留白量、直排时则指定地的留白量。

      指定裝訂邊的留白量，橫排時指定天的留白量、直排時則指定地的留白量。

Considerations when Designing the Type Area 基本版式设计的注意事项 基本版式設計的注意事項

The following are considerations that need to be taken into account when designing the type area:

设计基本版式时需考虑以下事项：

設計基本版式時需考慮以下事項：

1. When deciding the dimensions of the type area, it is necessary to consider both the trim size and the margin. Generally speaking, the shape of the type area could be made similar to that of the trim size.

   决定版心尺寸时，须先考量到完成尺寸与留白后进行。一般而言，版心与完成尺寸会呈相似形的设计。

   決定版心尺寸時，須先考量到完成尺寸與留白後進行。一般而言，版心與完成尺寸會呈相似形的設計。

2. There have been different size systems for Chinese fonts. The size system in traditional metal type utilized hào (literally number) units, while in the phototypesetting era, Q was used as the sizing unit instead. When it came to desktop publishing, font sizes were determined by the DTP point system which was built into the software itself. Currently, the traditional hào-system is still used for typesetting in many Chinese publications.

   中文活字大小有不同单位。在金属活字时代，传统中文活字尺寸以“号”为单位，故称作“字号”；在照相排版时代沿用照排机尺寸的单位“级”，故称作“字级”；在桌面排版时代，直接使用桌面排版软件中的“点”（DTP point）。目前，很多场合的中文排版依旧习惯沿用“号”。

   中文活字大小有不同單位。在金屬活字時代，傳統中文活字尺寸以「號」為單位，故稱作「字號」；在照相排版時代沿用照排機尺寸的單位「級」，故稱作「字級」；在桌面排版時代，直接使用桌面排版軟件中的「點」（DTP point）。目前，很多場合的中文排版依舊習慣沿用「號」。

   These hào-systems were not standardized by the various foundries in the past. In addition, point-systems were also different in Anglo-American point systems, Europe Continental point systems, DTP point systems and other systems, which resulted in numerous conversion methods between the hào-system and the point-system. The following table lists their most common corresponding conversions as a reference. It is not normative information.

   “号”由于当年金属活字各地厂家的规范不一而不尽相同，“号”也有英美、欧陆、DTP等多种制式，导致“号”与“点”的换算有不同方法。下表仅列出常见的一些换算数值，仅供参考，不作为规范性规定：

   「號」由於當年金屬活字各地廠家的規範不一而不盡相同，「號」也有英美、歐陸、DTP等多種制式，導致「號」與「點」的換算有不同方法。下表僅列出常見的一些換算數值，僅供參考，不作為規範性規定：

   Chinese size system	Western point system
   Size 0	42 pt
   Size 1	27.5/28 pt
   Size Small 1	24 pt
   Size 2	21/22 pt
   Size Small 2	18 pt
   Size 3	15.75/16 pt
   Size 4	13.75/14 pt
   Size Small 4	12 pt
   Size 5	10.5 pt
   Size Small 5	9 pt
   Size 6	7.875/8 pt
   Size 7	5.25 pt

   号数	点数
   初号	42 pt
   一号	27.5/28 pt
   小（新）一号	24 pt
   二号	21/22 pt
   小（新）二号	18 pt
   三号	15.75/16 pt
   四号	13.75/14 pt
   小（新）四号	12 pt
   五号	10.5 pt
   小（新）五号	9 pt
   六号	7.875/8 pt
   七号	5.25 pt

   號數	點數
   初號	42 pt
   一號	27.5/28 pt
   小（新）一號	24 pt
   二號	21/22 pt
   小（新）二號	18 pt
   三號	15.75/16 pt
   四號	13.75/14 pt
   小（新）四號	12 pt
   五號	10.5 pt
   小（新）五號	9 pt
   六號	7.875/8 pt
   七號	5.25 pt

   Size 5 is usually used for body text. Newspapers and magazines use both Size 5 and New Size 5. The acceptable minimum size for the text in content is Size 6 (7.875 pt ≒ 2.8 mm). If a smaller size is used, it will be difficult to read due to the complex structure of Han characters.

   一般内文主要使用五号字（10.5 pt ≒ 3.7 mm），而报纸、杂志则使用新五号字（9 pt ≒ 3.2 mm），两种皆常用。而一般内文字最小使用到六号字（7.875 pt ≒ 2.8 mm），若小于此尺寸，由于汉字结构复杂，较难阅读。

   一般內文主要使用五號字（10.5 pt ≒ 3.7 mm），而報紙、雜誌則使用新五號字（9 pt ≒ 3.2 mm），兩種皆常用。而一般內文字最小使用到六號字（7.875 pt ≒ 2.8 mm），若小於此尺寸，由於漢字結構複雜，較難閱讀。

3. Line length should be multiples of the character size and the line ends should be aligned with each other.

   一行的行长应为文字尺寸的整数倍，各行的位置尽可能头尾对齐。

   一行的行長應為文字尺寸的整數倍，各行的位置盡可能頭尾對齊。

   For Chinese composition without intermixed Western text, the characters all have a square-shaped frame, so all line lengths except that of the last line of the paragraph should, in principle, be the same.

   中文在不与西文混排的状况下，所使用的文字外框皆为正方形，除段落最后一行不对齐外，各行行首、行尾皆需对齐，这是重要的排版原则。

   中文在不與西文混排的狀況下，所使用的文字外框皆為正方形，除段落最後一行不對齊外，各行行首、行尾皆需對齊，這是重要的排版原則。

   Due to the following reasons, the line length must be an integral multiple of the font size:

   基于下述理由，行长必须为文字尺寸的整数倍：

   1. The basic principle of Chinese typesetting is, with the exception of the last line of a paragraph, the end of every line should be aligned with each other.

      中文排版的基本原则是，除段落最后一行以外，每行行尾应对齐。

      中文排版的基本原則是，除段落最後一行以外，每行行尾應對齊。

   2. All characters used in Chinese typesetting (including Han characters and punctuation) are square characters.

      中文排版所用的文字（包括汉字、标点），其字框的设计原则是正方形。

      中文排版所用的文字（包括漢字、標點），其字框的設計原則是正方形。

   3. Characters in Chinese typesetting are set solid.

      中文排版的排字原则是，文字应为密排。

      中文排版的排字原則是，文字應爲密排。

   As a basic principle, the line length should be set according to the actual conditions, which could be the usage of different fonts, design of the type area, trim size or media types. Generally, the line length for newspapers and periodicals is relatively shorter, while the line length for books is longer. For the sake of reference, most books have line lengths of body text in the range between 17 to 40 characters. To prevent excessive line breaks that could cause difficulty in reading, the line length of body text should not be less than 10 characters. For horizontal writing mode, the line length of body copy should not exceed 48 characters. For vertical writing mode, the line length of body copy should not exceed 55 characters.

   作为总体原则，行长应依照不同字体、版式、成品尺寸以及媒介种类、根据实际情况设置。一般来说，报纸期刊的行长相对较短，而书籍的行长较长，但作为参考值，大多数书籍的正文行长一般设在17到40字范围区间。为避免阅读时频繁换行、串行等情况，正文行长最小不宜少于10字、而横排最大行长不宜长于48字、竖排不宜长于55字。

   作爲總體原則，行長應依照不同字體、版式、成品尺寸以及媒介種類、根據實際情況設置。一般來說，報紙期刊的行長相對較短，而書籍的行長較長，但作爲參考值，大多數書籍的正文行長一般設在17到40字範圍區間。爲避免閱讀時頻繁換行、串行等情況，正文行長最小不宜少於10字、而橫排最大行長不宜長於48字、豎排不宜長於55字。

4. The line gaps between each line should be the same throughout the book, except for special cases.

   行与行之间的空白（行距）除特别状况外，需保持一致。

   行與行之間的空白（行距）除特別狀況外，需保持一致。

   In Traditional Chinese composition, there are cases where pronunciation marks, referred to as 'ruby' in the Japanese Layout Requirements, are inserted between lines. In such cases the line gap is not changed but kept constant. If these elements are likely to occur in the text, the line gap established during type area design needs to be of an adequate size to accommodate them.

   繁体中文排版中，字间的注音符号可能会超入行距空间，而翻译书籍也可能使用类似日文排版的ruby文字，此时行距仍需保持一致。当文中需要配置这些元素时，于设计版心的阶段就须考量到这些要素来决定行距。

   繁體中文排版中，字間的注音符號可能會超入行距空間，而翻譯書籍亦可能使用類似日文排版的ruby文字，此時行距仍需保持一致。當文中需要配置這些元素時，於設計版心的階段就須考量到這些要素來決定行距。

   The line gap for the type area is commonly set to a value between 50% and 100% of the height of the character frame used for the type area. A shorter line gap can be chosen in cases where the line length is short or the character size of the type area is relatively small. On the other hand, the line gap usually does not exceed the character size. Increasing the line gap beyond the character size does not improve the reading experience.

   版心的行距多半介于文字尺寸的50%–100%之间，当行长较短或文字尺寸较小时，行距设定也会相对较小。反之，行距一般不会超过文字尺寸，就算超过文字尺寸，也不会因而增加易读性。

   版心的行距多半介於文字尺寸的50%–100%之間，當行長較短或文字尺寸較小時，行距設定也會相對較小。反之，行距一般不會超過文字尺寸，就算超過文字尺寸，也不會因而增加易讀性。

   There is another method of specifying the type area that uses line height rather than line gaps. Line height is the distance between two adjacent lines measured from their reference points. The reference point differs from implementation to implementation. For example, in vertical writing mode, the horizontal center of the character frame can be used, and in horizontal writing mode, the vertical center of the character frame can be used. When the character size is the same for every character, the following calculation is used:

   指定版心的方法中，有着不以行距，而是依行高来设定的方法。行高就是彼此邻接的两行之基准点间的距离。基准点依照处理方式而会有所不同。比如，在直排时可以行左右的中央线为基准点，横排时可以行上下的中央线为基准点。当配置的文字全部尺寸相同时，有着以下关系：

   指定版心的方法中，有著不以行距，而是依行高來設定的方法。行高就是彼此鄰接的兩行之基準點間的距離。基準點依照處理方式而會有所不同。比如，在直排時可以行左右的中央線為基準點，橫排時可以行上下的中央線為基準點。當配置的文字全部尺寸相同時，有著以下關係：

   • line height = character size / 2 + line gap + character size / 2 = character size + line gap

     行高=文字尺寸÷2+行距+文字尺寸÷2=文字尺寸+行距

     行高=文字尺寸÷2+行距+文字尺寸÷2=文字尺寸+行距

   • line gap = line height - character size

     行距=行高-文字尺寸

     行距=行高-文字尺寸

Writing Modes in Chinese 中文的文字书写方向 中文的文字書寫方向

Chinese composition has two text directions, vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode. Publications from Taiwan and Hong Kong are composed in vertical writing mode or horizontal writing mode; while publications from Chinese Mainland are mostly composed in horizontal writing mode, only some are composed in vertical writing mode.

中文的文字书写方向分为直排与横排。其中，台湾、香港的中文出版品适用直排与横排；中国大陆的出版品则多为横排，直排书籍的案例较少。

中文的文字書寫方向分為直排與橫排。其中，台灣、香港的中文出版品適用直排與橫排；中國大陸的出版品則多為橫排，直排書籍的案例較少。

Major Differences Between Horizontal and Vertical Writing Modes 横排与直排的主要差异点 橫排與直排的主要差異點

The following are the major differences between vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode:

直排与横排的主要差异点，列举如下：

直排與橫排的主要差異點，列舉如下：

1. Arrangement of characters, lines, columns and pages; direction of page progression.

   文字、行、栏以及页面配置、装订方向

   文字、行、欄以及頁面配置、裝訂方向

   1. Vertical composition.

      直排时

      直排時

      • Characters are arranged from top to bottom, lines are arranged from right to left.

        文字由上向下，行由右向左排列。

        文字由上而下，行由右而左排列。

      • Columns are arranged horizontally from top to bottom.

        栏水平切割，上下分栏。

        欄水平切割，上下分欄。

      • A book starts with the left (recto) side and progresses from right to left.

        页面由左页（正面）开始，由右向左进行配置（由左向右翻页）。

        頁面由左頁（正面）開始，由右向左進行配置（由左向右翻頁）。

   2. Horizontal composition.

      横排时

      橫排時

      • Characters are arranged from left to right, and lines are arranged from top to bottom.

        文字由左向右，行由上向下排列。

        文字由左而右，行由上而下排列。

        Chinese traditionally only uses vertical writing mode. When horizontal lines are used in content that is set vertically, such as on stone inscriptions or headings for newspapers and magazines. In such cases, characters should be ordered from right to left. but now this has largely been replaced by the horizontal lines that are read from left to right.

        中文传统上仅使用直排，当横排文字使用于直排文字时，如匾额、报纸、杂志的标题，文字应为由右向左排列。但目前多为由左而右的横排书写方向取代。

        中文傳統上僅使用直排，當橫排文字使用於直排文字時，如匾額、報紙、雜誌的標題，文字應為由右向左排列。但目前多為由左而右的橫排書寫方向取代。

      • Columns are arranged vertically from left to right.

        栏垂直切割，左右分栏。

        欄垂直切割，左右分欄。

      • A book starts with the right (recto) side and progresses from left to right.

        页面由右页（正面）开始，由左而右进行配置（由右向左翻页）。

        頁面由右頁（正面）開始，由左而右進行配置（由右向左翻頁）。

2. When the text contains Western alphas or European numerals, the typesetting method is as follows:

   文中包含西文字母、阿拉伯数字时，配置如下：

   文中包含西文字母、阿拉伯數字時，配置如下：

   1. In vertical writing mode, there are 3 methods for arranging Western alphas or European numerals:

      直排时，西文字母或阿拉伯数字有以下三种配置方式：

      直排時，西文字母或阿拉伯數字有以下三種配置方式：

      • One by one, with the same upright orientation as Han characters. This usually applies to single-letter alphanumerics, and acronyms.

        与汉字采相同的书写方向，依字母逐个排列，主要用于单一西文字母或阿拉伯数字，以及首字母缩略词等。

        與漢字採相同的書寫方向，依字母逐個排列，主要用於單一西文字母或阿拉伯數字，以及首字母縮略詞等。

        

        Western alphas or European numerals used for this arrangement should have the same fixed size and width as the Han characters, rather than a proportional width.

        西文字母或阿拉伯数字，采用此配置时，需使用与汉字相同尺寸、字幅固定的等宽字体，而非比例字体。

        西文字母或阿拉伯數字，採用此配置時，需使用與漢字相同尺寸、字幅固定的等寬字體，而非比例字體。

      • Rotated 90 degrees clockwise. This is usually applied to Western words or sentences.

        文字以顺时针方向旋转90°，主要用于西文的单词、语句等（见[[[#latin-90-clockwise]]]）。

        文字以順時針方向旋轉90°，主要用於西文的單詞、語句等（見[[[#latin-90-clockwise]]]）。

        

      • Set horizontally without changing orientation (like tate-chu-yoko in Japanese). This is usually applied to numbers comprising two to three digits.

        保持正常方向，横排处理（如日文的纵中横排）。主要应用于二至三位数字。

        保持正常方向，橫排處理（如日文的縱中橫排）。主要應用於二至三位數字。

        In principle, if numbers are arranged horizontally in a vertical writing mode, the width of the numbers should not exceed 1 em. This rule originated in the letterpress printing era due to the fixed width of each line. Therefore, in vertical writing mode, Western alphas or European numerals are not limited to two digits, but the width should not exceed 1 em. Some commonly seen examples include "3.0", "A+" and "2B".

        数字在直排行内横排，原则上不超过一个汉字的字幅。这是从活字印刷时代起，每行宽度固定所致。故直排时，西文字母与阿拉伯数字横排不限于两位数，但原则上不能超过一个汉字。现代常见的用法还包括[3.0]、[A+]、[2B]等。

        數字於直排行內橫排，原則上不超過一個漢字的字幅。這是從活字印刷時代起，每行寬度固定所致。故直排時，西文字母與阿拉伯數字橫排不限於二位數，但原則上不能超過一個漢字。現代常見的用法還包括[3.0]、[A+]、[2B]等。

   2. In horizontal writing mode there is only one way of arranging alphanumerics, i.e. the normal orientation.

      横排时，以正常方向配置。

      橫排時，以正常方向配置。

3. Titles or captions of tables and illustrations.

   图片、表格的标题或说明文字

   圖片、表格的標題或說明文字

   1. In vertical writing mode, put the title or caption of tables or illustrations at the left or right side.

      直排时，图片、表格的标题或说明文字，放在图、表的左侧或右侧。

      直排時，圖片、表格的標題或說明文字，放在圖、表的左側或右側。

   2. In horizontal writing mode, put the title or caption of tables or illustrations at the top or bottom.

      横排时，图片、表格的标题或说明文字，放在图、表的上方或下方。

      橫排時，圖片、表格的標題或說明文字，放在圖、表的上方或下方。

      The title or caption of tables refers to the text outside the table, which is different from the header row/column and header column in the table.

      标题或说明文字通常是表格之外的文本内容，与表格内的标题行、标题列不同。

      標題或說明文字通常是表格之外的文本內容，與表格內的標題行、標題列不同。

4. Arrangement of the table header row/column.

   表格标题行、标题列的位置

   表格標題行、標題列的位置

   1. In vertical writing mode, put the header row of the table on the right and the header column on the top.

      直排时，表格的标题行（直行）位于右侧，标题列（横列）位于上方。

      直排時，表格的標題行（直行）位於右側，標題列（橫列）位於上方。

   2. In horizontal writing mode, put the header row of the table on the top and the header column on the left.

      横排时，表格的标题行（横行）位于上方，标题列（直列）位于左侧。

      橫排時，表格的標題行（橫行）位於上方，標題列（直列）位於左側。

      In different regions, the arrangement direction of cells described by row (Chinese: 行 háng) and column (Chinese: 列 liè) in Chinese terminology may be different. For example, 行 in Mainland China usually refers to a horizontal arrangement of cells, and 列 refers to a vertical arrangement of cells; while 行 in Taiwan and Hong Kong usually refers to a vertical arrangement of cells, and 列 (or 栏) refers to a horizontal arrangement of cells.

      在不同的地区，中文术语中的“行”（háng）和“列”（liè）所描述的单元格排列方向，可能是不同的。例如，中国大陆的“行”通常指一组水平排列的单元格，“列”指一组垂直排列的单元格；而台湾、香港地区的“行”通常指一组垂直排列的单元格，“列”（或“栏”）指一组水平排列的单元格。

      在不同的地區，中文術語中的「行」（háng）和「列」（liè）所描述的單元格排列方向，可能是不同的。例如，中國大陸的「行」通常指一組水平排列的單元格，「列」指一組垂直排列的單元格；而臺灣、香港地區的「行」通常指一組垂直排列的單元格，「列」（或「欄」）指一組水平排列的單元格。

      This document uses row/column in logical directions consistently, i.e., "row" is vertical in vertical writing mode and horizontal in horizontal writing mode, and "column" is horizontal in vertical writing mode and vertical in horizontal writing mode.

      本文档采用“逻辑行”“逻辑列”来统一表述，也即，“行”在直排模式下垂直、在横排模式下水平，“列”在直排模式下水平、在横排模式下垂直。

      本文檔采用「邏輯行」「邏輯列」來統一表述，也即，「行」在直排模式下垂直、在橫排模式下水平，「列」在直排模式下水平、在橫排模式下垂直。

5. Arrangement of an incomplete number of lines on a multi-column format page due to new recto, page break, or other reason.

   换页、换章时最末页采多栏排列、行于页面结束时，依以下方式处理：

   換頁、換章時最末頁採多欄排列、行於頁面結束時，依以下方式處理：

   1. In vertical writing mode, just finish the line where it ends. The number of lines in each column is not uniform.

      直排时，顺其行文结束，各栏左右行数可不一致。

      直排時，順其行文結束，各欄左右行數可不一致。

   2. In horizontal writing mode, columns can be re-arranged so that each column has the same number of lines. In case the number of lines is not divisible by the number of columns, add the smallest number to make it divisible and re-arrange columns using the quotient as the number of lines so that only the last column shall have the incomplete number of lines.

      横排时，各栏的行数可平均。但因字数不足，行数无法与栏数配合时，不足的行数在最后一栏末尾留空。

      橫排時，各欄的行數可平均。但因字數不足，行數無法與欄數配合時，不足的行數於最後一欄末尾留空。

Categories and Usage of Punctuation Marks 标点符号的分类及用法 標點符號的分類及用法

Sizes and positions of Punctuation Marks 标点符号的字形、尺寸与字面分布 標點符號的字形、尺寸與字面分布

Please find a description of the glyphs and usage of punctuation marks at [[[#categories_and_usage_of_punctuation_marks]]] and [[[#tables_of_chinese_punctuation_marks]]]. There are no notable differences among different regions in the glyphs of punctuation marks. The major differences are their size and where the character face is positioned relative to the character frame.

标点符号的字形及用法请见[[[#categories_and_usage_of_punctuation_marks]]]节及[[[#tables_of_chinese_punctuation_marks]]]。各地的标点符号在字形上未有显著差异，区别主要是符号的尺寸与字面分布。

標點符號的字形及用法請見[[[#categories_and_usage_of_punctuation_marks]]]節及[[[#tables_of_chinese_punctuation_marks]]]。各地的標點符號在字形上未有顯著差異，區別主要係符號的尺寸與字面分布。

Punctuation marks used in Taiwan and Hong Kong are usually positioned in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space left for them; while in vertical writing mode and horizontal writing mode, some of the punctuation marks are positioned in different directions so as to mark the corresponding characters more accurately. In Mainland China, the punctuation marks are usually positioned following the characters they are supposed to mark; while some punctuation marks might be positioned in different directions due to the vertical or horizontal writing mode. Also, different writing modes might require different punctuation marks to fulfill the same function, e.g. horizontal writing mode requires curved quotation marks while vertical writing mode requires corner brackets.

港台的标点多位于字面正中，部分标号在直、横排中使用不同的方向以准确地标注文字；中国大陆的标点多位于被标注文字的末端、字面始端，部分标号在直、横排中除了使用不同的方向外，亦有需要因文字书写方向替换符号形式的需求，如引号（横排使用弯引号，直排使用直角引号）。

港台的標點多位於字面正中，部分標號在直、橫排中使用不同的方向以準確地標注文字；中國大陸的標點多位於受注文字的末端、字面始端，部分標號在直、橫排中除了使用不同的方向外，亦有需要因文字書寫方向替換符號形式的需求，如引號（橫排使用彎引號，直排使用直角引號）。

Pause or stop punctuation marks include the slight-pause comma, comma, semicolon, colon, period, question mark, exclamation mark, etc. They take the same dimensions as well as the direction as a character in their respective writing modes does. In Taiwan and Hong Kong, pause or stop punctuation marks are usually positioned in the vertical and horizontal center of the square space left for them. In Chinese Mainland, they are positioned in the top or bottom side in the space left for them following the marked characters. In horizontal writing mode, the pause or stop punctuation marks are placed at the lower left corner in the square space while in vertical writing mode, they are placed in the right upper corner.

点号，包括：顿号、逗号、分号、冒号、句号、问号、叹号等，占一个汉字的大小，直、横排方向一致。港台的排版位于字面正中；中国大陆的排版则位于文字末端、字面始端偏顶端或底端一侧（横排时位于字面左下角，直排时位于字面右上角）。

點號，包括：頓號、逗號、分號、冒號、句號、問號、驚嘆號等，佔一個漢字的大小，直、橫排方向一致。港台的排版位於字面正中；中國大陸的排版則位受注文字末端、字面始端偏頂端或底端一側（橫排時位字面左下角，直排時位字面右上角）。

Bracket marks include quotation marks, parentheses, book title mark type B, etc. They should be positioned in pairs at either side of the marked character(s), have the same dimensions as a character, and the same direction as the characters. Bracket quotation marks have different positioning rules in different areas. In Taiwan, single quotation marks will be used first and then double quotation marks, whereas in Chinese Mainland, double quotation marks will be used first and then single quotation marks. Also, the writing mode should be taken into consideration as well. Horizontal writing mode requires curved quotation marks while vertical writing mode requires corner brackets.

夹注符号，包括：引号、括号及双书名号（书名号乙式）等，位于文本的两侧，占一个汉字的大小、依文字书写方向使用相应的标注方向。其中，引号在各地分别采用不同的形式，台湾多使用先单、后双（依此类推）的配对形式；中国大陆则使用先双、后单（依此类推）的配对形式，并按照文字书写方向采用相应的符号（横排使用弯引号，直排使用直角引号）。

夾注符號，包括：引號、括號及書名號乙式（雙書名號）等，位受注文本的二側，佔一個漢字的大小、依文字書寫方向使用相應的標注方向。其中，引號在各地別採用不同的形式，台灣多使用先單、後雙（依此類推）的配對形式； 中國大陸則使用先雙、後單（依此類推）的配對形式，並依文字書寫方向採用相應的符號（橫排使用彎引號，直排使用直角引號）。

Ellipses and two-em dashes, should be vertically and horizontally centered within their square frame, and should be one character in height and two characters in width. They are not supposed to be separated from one line to the next and should be positioned in the same direction as the characters.

省略号、破折号等标号，位字面正中，占两个汉字的空间，并不得以适配分行之由断开或拆至两行，依文字书写方向使用相应的标注方向。

刪節號、破折號等標號，位字面正中，佔兩個漢字的空間，並不得以適配分行之由斷開或拆至兩行，依文字書寫方向使用相應的標注方向。

Connector marks should take up the same dimensions as a single character, and be vertically and horizontally centered within its square frame. Among the connector marks, the EN DASH should have a short length to distinguish it from the Han character [一], which means one. And they should be positioned in the same direction as the characters they mark.

连接号位于字面正中，占一个汉字的大小，其中，甲式连接号在横排时，符号的直线长度应稍小于汉字“一”以避免歧义，按照文字书写方向使用相应的标注方向。

連接號位字面正中，佔一個漢字的大小，其中，甲式連接號在橫排時，符號的直線長度應稍小於漢字「一」以避免歧義，依文字書寫方向使用相應的標注方向。

Middle dots should be vertically and horizontally centered within their square frame and take up the same dimensions as a single character. The orientation of middle dots are the same in horizontal and vertical writing modes. To make more economical use of the available space, or to tighten the overall spacing, sometimes the character frame for a middle dot is only 1/2 em in the inline direction.

间隔号位于字面正中，占一个汉字的大小，直、横排方向一致。为了节省排版空间、使词组或数字较紧凑地排列，可以使用半个汉字大小的间隔号。

間隔號位於字面正中，佔一個漢字的大小，直、橫排方向一致。為了節省排版空間、使詞組或數字較緊湊地排列，可以使用半個漢字大小的間隔號。

Interlinear marks should be positioned in a way that do not affect adjacent lines of the text. For proper noun marks and book title mark type A, they are meant to appear below the marked character (in horizontal writing mode, it would be positioned below the character, while in vertical writing mode, it would be positioned to the left of the character). For emphasis dots, in horizontal writing mode, the dot is positioned below the marked character, while in vertical writing mode, the dot is positioned to the right of the marked character.

标注在行间的标号需以不影响上下行文字为原则进行配置。包括：专名号、甲式书名号等两个符号，位于被标注文字底端（横排位于文字下方、直排位于文字左侧）；着重号横排时位于文字底端（下方）、直排时位于文字顶端（右侧）。

標注於行間的標號需以不影響上下行文字為原則進行配置。包括：專名號、甲式書名號等二個符號，位受注文字底端（橫排位文字下方、直排位文字左側）；着重號橫排時位受注文字底端（下方）、直排時位在受注文字頂端（右側）。

Solidi should be vertically and horizontally centered within the character frame. In GB rules, it should take 1/2 em, whereas in Taiwan, there is no clear rule about its dimensions but most publications will give them the same dimensions as a single character.

分隔号位于字面正中，中国大陆的国标规定排版时占半个汉字的大小；而在台湾则未有相关的规定，但多数出版品使用一个汉字的大小。

分隔號位於字面正中，中國大陸的國標規定排版時佔半個漢字的大小；而在台灣則未有相關的規定，但多數出版品使用一個漢字的大小。

Book title mark A (wavy low line) is positioned to the bottom of the marked characters in horizontal writing mode, and to the left of the marked characters in vertical writing mode.

甲式书名号（波浪线﹏）横排时标注于文字底部，直排时标注于文字左侧。

甲式書名號（波浪線﹏）橫排時標注於文字底部，直排時標注於文字左側。

Proper noun marks are positioned to the bottom of the marked characters in horizontal writing mode, and to the left of the marked characters in vertical writing mode.

专名号横排时标注于文字底部，直排时标注于文字左侧。

專名號橫排時標注於文字底部，直排時標注於文字左側。

Emphasis dots are positioned to the bottom of the marked characters in horizontal writing mode, and to the right of the marked characters in vertical writing mode.

着重号横排时标注于文字底部，直排时标注于文字右侧。

著重號橫排時標注於文字底部，直排時標注於文字右側。

Atypical punctuation marks and their composition 非典型的标点符号及其配置 非典型的標點符號及其配置

Symbol of death 示亡号 示亡號

The symbol of death is not defined in the GB rules, but is a punctuation mark which is widely used by the commons. The symbol of death is a solid black border outside the character frame of a person's name to indicate the person is deceased. Its Western counterpart would be the dagger punctuation mark (U+2020 DAGGER [†] and U+2021 DOUBLE DAGGER [‡]).

示亡号并未列于标点符号相关标准文件，但却是民间经常使用的俗用符号。示亡号亦称示殁号，为在人名文字外框描上实心的黑色边线表示已经过世，类似西文中剑标（U+2020 DAGGER [†]与U+2021 DOUBLE DAGGER [‡]）之用法。

示亡號並未列於標點符號相關標準文件，但卻是民間經常使用的俗用符號。示亡號亦稱示殁號，為在人名文字外框描上實心的黑色邊線表示已經過世，類似西文中劍標（U+2020 DAGGER [†]與U+2021 DOUBLE DAGGER [‡]）之用法。

The symbol of death is used to indicate a person who had been recently deceased, and is often seen in name lists, official reports, genealogy records and so on. It is not used for people who have passed away for some time or well-known deceased individuals.

示亡号主要标示于近年过世的人名，常出现在名单、公报、族谱等人名列表上，用以告知此人已亡殁。而过世已久或众所皆知的历史人物不再加注。

示亡號主要標示於近年過世的人名，常出現在名單、公報、族譜等人名列表上，用以告知此人已亡歿。而過世已久或眾所皆知的歷史人物不再加註。

Prohibition Rules for Line Start and Line End 行首行尾禁则 行首行尾禁則

In order to maintain a smooth reading experience and consistency of style, there are certain constraints for the positioning of most punctuation marks. In most cases, according to its function, a punctuation mark is prohibited from appearing at the line start or line end. This rule was first implemented during the time of letterpress printing. In Mainland China, the national standard General Rules for Punctuation (GB/T 15834—2011) sets clear rules about the positioning of punctuation marks. In Taiwan and Hong Kong, there is not yet a standard for the usage and positioning of punctuation marks, but most of the publications apply the rules described in this document.

为了保持阅读顺畅、体例一致，多数标点符号的位置有限制，通常一个标点符号依其性质，禁止出现在行首或行尾。这项规则自活字排版时代开始通行。在中国大陆，《标点符号用法》（GB/T 15834—2011）规定了简体中文标点在行间的位置；在港台，虽没有相应的规范，但多数出版品皆按照此处所述规则对标点符号进行配置。

為了保持閱讀順暢、體例一致，多數標點符號的位置有其限制，通常一個標點符號依其性質，禁止出現在一行之首或之末。這項規則自活字排版時代開始通行。在中國大陸，《標點符號用法》（GB/T 15834—2011）規定了簡體中文標點在行間的位置；在港台，雖未有相應的規範，但多數出版品皆以此處所述規則對標點符號進行配置。

There are four sets of line-breaking rules with different strictness:

具体地，可以分为四种级别：

具體地，可以分為四種級別：

none 不处理 不處理

Ignore all prohibition against line breaks. Commonly used in newspapers in Taiwan and Hong Kong.

完全不处理行首行尾禁则。常见于台湾香港等地报刊。

完全不處理行首行尾禁則。常見於台灣香港等地報刊。

basic 基本处理 基本處理

Pause or stop punctuation marks (secondary commas, commas, semicolons, colons, periods, exclamation marks, and question marks), closing quotation marks, closing parentheses, closing angle brackets, connector marks, and interpuncts should not appear at the line start. Opening quotation marks, opening parentheses, and opening angle brackets should not appear at the line end. This is the most recommended method.

点号（顿号、逗号、句号、冒号、分号、叹号、问号）、结束引号、结束括号、结束双书名号（书名号乙式）、连接号、间隔号、分隔号不能出现在一行的开头。开始引号、开始括号、开始单双书名号等符号，不能出现在一行的结尾。这是最推荐的方法。

點號（頓號、逗號、句號、冒號、分號、嘆號、問號）、結束引號、結束括號、結束書名號乙式（雙書名號）、連接號、間隔號、分隔號不能出現在一行的開頭。開始引號、開始括號、開始單雙書名號等符號，不能出現在一行的結尾。這是最推薦的方法。

GB-style GB法 GB法

The set of rules in basic, and solidi should not appear at the line end.

在执行基本处理的基础上增加规定分隔号也不能出现在一行的结尾。

在執行基本處理的基礎上增加規定分隔號也不能出現在一行的結尾。

strict 严格处理 嚴格處理

The set of rules in GB-style, and two-em dashes and ellipses should not appear at the line start.

在执行GB法的基础上再增加规定破折号、省略号不能出现在一行的开头。

在執行GB法的基礎上再增加規定破折號、省略號不能出現在一行的開頭。

Prior to processing the prohibition rules, [[[#punctuation_width_adjustment]]] according to the typesetting style should be processed first, because compression of the punctuation marks will affect the line break position.

在处理禁则之前，应优先按照排版风格处理[[[#punctuation_width_adjustment]]]，因为标点挤压处理会影响换行位置。

在處理禁則之前，應優先按照排版風格處理[[[#punctuation_width_adjustment]]]，因為標點擠壓處理會影響換行位置。

排版时如果进行禁则处理，应遵守“先挤进，后推出”原则，即不希望标点符号出现在行首时，应在已经标点挤压的基础上再次检讨是否有机会将其挤到前一行，最后没有挤压机会再从前一行取最后一个字至下一行。前行多出来的空间需按照优先顺序拉伸，最后没有拉伸机会再按平均拉大字距的方式处理。

Prohibition Rules for Unbreakable Marks 符号分离禁则 符號分離禁則

Punctuation Width Adjustment 标点符号的宽度调整 標點符號的寬度調整

Punctuation marks between characters (except for two-em dash and horizontal ellipsis) usually occupy 1 em, making it easy to recognize and lay out. Some layout styles do not adjust the punctuation width at all. However, in order to make the the composition tighter and more readable, and when implementing [[[#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end]]], the width of the punctuation marks needs to be adjusted. Whether to adjust depends on the judgment of the typesetting style. Many publications in Taiwan do not adjust punctuation width, while most publications in Mainland China and Hong Kong do adjust punctuation width. Punctuation width adjustment is usually divided into two situations: 1) when consecutive punctuation marks appear 2) when the punctuation mark appears at the beginning or end of a line. There are more than one style of width adjustment, and only the basic principles are explained below.

标注在字间的标点符号（除乙式括号、破折号、省略号以外）通常占一个汉字宽度，使其易于识别、适合配置及排版，有些排版风格完全不对标点宽度进行任何调整。但是为了让文字体裁更加紧凑易读，以及执行[[[#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end]]]时，就需要对标点符号的宽度进行调整。是否调整取决于对排版风格的判断，台湾的很多印刷品都采用不调整的风格；而在中国大陆和香港的出版物中，多数采取调整的风格。标点符号宽度调整通常分为两种情形：1. 标点符号连续出现 2.标点出现在行首或行尾。调整时的风格不尽相同，下文仅阐述基本原则。

標註在字間的標點符號（除乙式括號、破折號、省略號以外）通常占一個漢字寬度，使其易於識別、適合配置及排版，有些排版風格完全不對標點寬度進行任何調整。但是為了讓文字體裁更加緊湊易讀，以及執行[[[#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end]]]時，就需要對標點符號的寬度進行調整。是否調整取決於對排版風格的判斷，臺灣的很多印刷品都採用不調整的風格；而在中國大陸和香港的出版物中，多數採取調整的風格。標點符號寬度調整通常分為兩種情形：1. 標點符號連續出現 2.標點出現在行首或行尾。調整時的風格不盡相同，下文僅闡述基本原則。

Punctuation Adjustment Space 标点符号的调整空间 標點符號的調整空間

Punctuation marks are divided into two types: "unadjustable" and "adjustable", and "adjustable" is divided into six categories according to the position of the adjustable space: left of character face in horizontal writing mode, right of character face in horizontal writing mode, left and right of character face in horizontal writing modes; top of character face in vertical writing mode, bottom of character face in vertical writing mode, top and bottom of character face in vertical writing mode.

标点符号分为“不可调整”和“可调整”两类，“可调整”再根据调整空间分为六类：横排字面左、横排字面右、横排左右两侧；直排字面上、直排字面下、直排上下两侧。

標點符號分為「不可調整」和「可調整」兩類，「可調整」再根據調整空間分為六類：橫排字面左、橫排字面右、橫排左右兩側；直排字面上、直排字面下、直排上下兩側。

Unadjustable punctuations include: GB-style short connector marks, interpuncts, and solidi, because these punctuation points always take 1/2 em; exclamation marks and question marks in horizontal writing mode in Hong Kong and Taiwan, and colons, semicolons, question marks, exclamation marks in vertical writing mode in Chinese Mainland, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, because these punctuations always take 1 em.

不可调整的标点包括：中国大陆GB式的半字连接号、间隔号、分隔号，因为这几个标点固定半个字宽；横排的港台式问号、感叹号和直排的冒号、分号、问号、感叹号（包括GB偏靠式和港台居中式），因为这几个标点固定一个字宽。

不可調整的標點包括：中國大陸GB式的半字連接號、間隔號、分隔號，因為這幾個標點固定半個字寬；橫排的港台式問號、驚嘆號和直排的冒號、分號、問號、驚嘆號（包括GB偏靠式和港台居中式），因為這幾個標點固定一個字寬。

Hanging Punctuation at Line End 行尾点号悬挂 行尾點號懸掛

Most Chinese publications do not use hanging punctuation at line end. According to the Japanese Layout Requirements document, hanging punctuation at the line end is a kind of extension of the prohibition rules at line start. This rule helps to avoid moving characters or punctuation marks between lines and avoids inconsistency of space between the characters in different lines.

绝大多数的中文出版物没有悬挂行尾点号的惯例。参考日文排版的做法，点号悬挂是行首标点禁则处理方式的延伸，可以避免文字及点号在前后行的移动，甚而导致前行字距不一的问题。

絕多數的中文出版品沒有懸掛行尾點號的慣例。參考日文排版的做法，點號懸掛是行首標點禁則處理方式的延伸，可以避免文字及點號在前後行的移動，甚而導致前行字距不一的問題。

In general, there can be only 1 punctuation mark hung at the line end. Suitable punctuation marks include the slight-pause comma, comma and period. In Simplified Chinese, all the pause or stop punctuation marks can overhang the line end since they are positioned at the starting point of the character frame.

通常，行尾只可悬挂一个标点符号；适合行尾悬挂的标点符号有顿号、逗号及句号。简体中文排版中，其余标点符号因其字面分布偏向被标注文字的一侧、字面始端，也可进行行尾悬挂配置。

通常，行尾只可懸掛一個標點符號；適合行尾懸掛的標點符號有頓號、逗號及句號。簡體中文排版中，其餘標點符號因其字面分佈偏向被標註文字的一側、字面始端，也可進行行尾懸掛配置。

If a punctuation mark (slight-pause comma, comma or period) is expected to be at the start of a line, it should be placed at the end of the previous line, to fit in the type area.

若点号（顿号、逗号或句号）将出现于行首，可将其置于前一行的行尾端、突出版心。

若點號（頓號、逗號或句號）將出現於一行之首，可將其置於前一行的行尾端、突出版心。

However, in Taiwan and Hong Kong, since punctuation marks are positioned in the vertical and horizontal center, hanging the punctuation marks might make an abrupt affect on the composition. Therefore, Traditional Chinese does not apply hanging punctuation in horizontal writing mode but only in vertical writing mode.

然而，由于港台地区的点号位于字面正中，若在横排时使用行尾悬挂，体例可能显得突兀、不良，故横排时不做行尾悬挂配置；但可用于直排。

然而，由於港台地區的點號位於字面正中，若在橫排時使用行尾懸掛，體例可能顯得突兀、不良，故橫排時不做行尾懸掛配置；但可用於直排。

In the case of a succession of punctuation marks, punctuation hanging should not be applied.

Handling Interlinear Punctuation 行间标点的处理 行間標點的處理

Most punctuation marks in modern Chinese typesetting are interspersed between the text in a line, but the Proper Noun Mark (underline), the Book Title Mark (only for the type A wavy low line) and the Emphasis Dot need to be positioned between lines. These punctuation marks are known as “interlinear marks”. Of which, the Proper Noun Mark and the Book Title mark are known as interlinear lines.

现代中文排版的标点符号，大部分都随文字穿插在行内，但专名号（下划线）、书名号（仅指甲式的波浪线）、着重号要摆放在行与行之间，这些标点通称为“行间标点”。其中专名号（下划线）、书名号（仅指甲式的波浪线）合称为“行间线”。

現代中文排版的標點符號，大部分都隨文字穿插在行內，但專名號（下劃線）、書名號（僅指甲式的波浪線）、著重號要擺放在行與行之間，這些標點通稱為「行間標點」。其中專名號（下劃線）、書名號（僅指甲式的波浪線）合稱為「行間線」。

Jùdòu (句读, old-style punctuation) for ancient Chinese texts were all interlinear marks. Although the typesetting of ancient Chinese texts is beyond the scope of this document, the guidance provided in this section can still serve as a reference for the basic principles of interlinear marks.

传统中文古籍中的“句读”也都是“行间标点”。传统中文古籍排版虽然已经超出了本文档的范围，但是行间标点的基本原则可参照本节内容。

傳統中文古籍中的「句讀」也都是「行間標點」。傳統中文古籍排版雖然已經超出了本文檔的範圍，但是行間標點的基本原則可參照本節內容。

In vertical typesetting, the interlinear lines are positioned to the left of the text, while the Emphasis Dot is positioned to the right of the text. The situation where both these marks are applied at the same time is known as double-sided setting. In horizontal typesetting, both the interlinear lines and Emphasis Dot are positioned to the bottom of the text. This situation is known as a single-side setting. In principle, text typeset horizontally will not use double-sided setting.

直排时，行间线标注于文字左侧，着重号标注于文字右侧。像这样，文字两侧均加排行间标点的排版方式叫“双面装”。横排时，行间线、着重号均标注于文字下方。像这样，文字单侧加排行间标点的排版方式叫“单面装”。原则上，横排书不使用双面装。

直排時，行間線標註於文字左側，著重號標註於文字右側。像這樣，文字兩側均加排行間標點的排版方式叫「雙面裝」。橫排時，行間線、著重號均標註於文字下方。像這樣，文字單側加排行間標點的排版方式叫「單面裝」。原則上，橫排書不使用雙面裝。

1. General Guidance 通则 通則

   Under normal circumstances, a line of text will use the same font size. For these instances, single-sided and double-sided setting will generally behave as follows:

   通常情况下，一行内文字使用同样的字号，此时，单、双面装的一般通则如下：

   通常情況下，一行內文字使用同樣的字號，此時，單、雙面裝的一般通則如下：

   Regardless of single-sided or double-sided setting, as well as for horizontal or vertical typesetting, the line gap must always be consistent. This is in accordance to what was stated in section 2.3.5.4. During the initial typesetting design, the positioning of the interlinear marks must be taken into account such that sufficient space is allocated for the line gap. Forcing extra spacing in a single line containing interlinear marks must be avoided as much as possible.

   无论单面装、双面装，也无论横排、直排，原则上行距应保持一致。这一点与 2.3.5.4 阐述内容一致。在最初设计基本版式时就必须提前考虑好行间标点的情况，并设置好足够大的行距。应尽量避免为了行间标点而强行局部撑大单行行距的做法。

   無論單面裝、雙面裝，也無論橫排、直排，原則上行距應保持一致。這一點與 2.3.5.4 闡述內容一致。在最初設計基本版式時就必須提前考慮好行間標點的情況，並設置好足夠大的行距。應盡量避免為了行間標點而強行局部撐大單行行距的做法。

   To ensure appropriate positioning of interlinear marks, the line gap for single-sided setting must not be smaller than half of the font size, while the line gap for double-sided setting must not be smaller than 5/8 (=1/2+1/8) of the font size.

   为保证行间标点的摆放，单面装的行距不应小于当前字号的一半、双面装的的行距不应小于当前字号的 5/8 （=1/2+1/8）

   為保證行間標點的擺放，單面裝的行距不應小於當前字號的一半、雙面裝的的行距不應小於當前字號的 5/8 （=1/2+1/8）

   Emphasis Dots shall be center-aligned with its corresponding character; interlinear lines must be correspond with the length and quantity of content they are marking out. As such, if there are multiple instances which need to be marked out with interlinear lines, multiple interlinear lines need to be used. Interlinear lines cannot be arbitrarily broken up. And a single interlinear line cannot be composed out of multiple fragments. For example, if there are two adjacent Proper Nouns, even if the text being marked out is set solid, both Proper Nouns must be clearly marked with two Proper Noun Marks that are distinguishable from one another. In this instance, a single Proper Noun Mark must not be used, because this would cause the two Proper Nouns to be misunderstood as a single Proper Noun.

   着重号应与所指示的字符居中对齐；行间线应与所标注内容的长短、数量均要保持一致，即，有几个标注项目就用几条线段，不能任意从中断开，也不能用多条线段拼接组合。比如，相邻的两个专名，即使所标注的正文汉字是密排，两个专名要用两条专名线，中间的断开要能够辨认；此时不能用一条专名线连起来标注，否则连续的两个专名会被误认为是一个专名。

   著重號應與所指示的字符居中對齊；行間線應與所標註內容的長短、數量均要保持一致，即，有幾個標註項目就用幾條線段，不能任意從中斷開，也不能用多條線段拼接組合。比如，相鄰的兩個專名，即使所標註的正文漢字是密排，兩個專名要用兩條專名線，中間的斷開要能夠辨認；此時不能用一條專名線連起來標註，否則連續的兩個專名會被誤認為是一個專名。

   Interlinear marks must be as close to the marked text as possible.
   The thickness and size of the interlinear lines and emphasis dots is determined by the font design and typesetting rendering engine, but even though there is no absolute limitation, the sizing of these interlinear marks must be harmonious with the font size and letter-spacing of the marked text.

   行间标点应尽量紧贴所标注汉字一侧。
   行间线、着重号的大小或粗度取决于字体和排版引擎的设计，虽然没有绝对限制，但显然尺寸上应与所标汉字字号、字距相匹配。

   行間標點應盡量緊貼所標註漢字一側。
   行間線、著重號的大小或粗度取決於字體和排版引擎的設計，雖然沒有絕對限制，但顯然尺寸上應與所標漢字字號、字距相匹配。

2. For Loose Setting or Situations When Letter-Spacing Needs To Be Increased 在疏排或行内调整需要拉开字距的情况 在疏排或行內調整需要拉開字距的情況

   If the letter-spacing of the marked text needs to be increased, the length of the interlinear line must be increased to match without being broken

   如果被标注字的字距被拉开，行间线应相应延长且不能断开

   如果被標註字的字距被拉開，行間線應相應延長且不能斷開

   In accordance to what was explained in the first general guidance, even after the letter-spacing is increased, Emphasis Dots must continue to be center-aligned with the text they are marking

   根据上述通则 1. 拉开字距后，着重号依旧应与字符居中对齐而不能错位。

   根據上述通則 1. 拉開字距後，著重號依舊應與字符居中對齊而不能錯位。

3. Special Situation for Single-Side Setting 横排单面装特殊情况 橫排單面裝特殊情況

   By right, double-sided setting must not occur in horizontal writing mode. In cases where both a Proper Noun Mark or Book Title Mark is used together with Emphasis Dots, the guiding principle is "line first, followed by dot", such that the underline or wavy line is closer to the text, while the dot comes below.

   原则上，横排时不使用双面装。横排时，专名号（下划线）或书名号（仅指甲式的波浪线）如果遇到和着重号同时出现时，应以“先线后点”原则，让行间线紧贴汉字，再在其下加着重号。

   原則上，橫排時不使用雙面裝。橫排時，專名號（下劃線）或書名號（僅指甲式的波浪線）如果遇到和著重號同時出現時，應以「先線後點」原則，讓行間線緊貼漢字，再在其下加著重號。

Composition of Chinese and Western Mixed Text 中文与西文的混排 中文與西文的混排

There are many examples in Chinese text where Western text, such as Latin letters, Greek letters, or European numerals, are found alongside Han characters. The following are just a few examples:

中文排版中，汉字与拉丁字母、希腊字母或阿拉伯数字等西文混排的状况经常出现，以下列举部分范例。

中文排版中，漢字與拉丁字母、希臘字母或阿拉伯數字等西文混排的狀況經常出現，以下列舉部分範例。

1. One Western letter used as a symbol for something, such as ‘A’ or ‘B’.

   使用西文字母作为符号，如“A”“B”。

   使用西文字母作為符號，如「A」「B」。

2. A Western word is used in a Chinese context, such as ‘editor’.

   直接使用如“editor”的西文单词。

   直接使用如「editor」的西文單字詞。

3. Acronyms, such as 'DTP' or 'GDP'.

   使用组织名称、专有名词等的首字母缩略词，例如DTP、GDP。

   使用組織名稱、專有名詞等的首字母縮略詞，例如DTP、GDP。

4. Book titles or authors in references to Western books that use the original spelling.

   呈现西文文献等的作者名、书名等时，采用原本表记的方式呈现。

   呈現西文文獻等的作者名、書名等時，採用原本表記的方式呈現。

5. European numerals used to express years or other numbers, such as '1999年'.

   使用阿拉伯数字表示纪年、数量值、编号等，如“1999年”。

   使用阿拉伯數字表示紀年、數量詞、編號等，如「1999年」。

Alphanumerics are also used in itemized lists and numbered headings, or as symbols for chemical elements or mathematical formulae. It can be seen from these examples that it is an everyday occurrence to find Western characters mixed with Han characters in Chinese composition.

项目符号与标题编号、单位符号、元素符号、数学符号等也多有西文字母或阿拉伯数字，由此可知，日常使用上中、西文的混排非常常见。

項目符號與標題編號、單位符號、元素符號、數學符號等也多有西文字母或阿拉伯數字，由此可知，日常使用上中、西文的混排非常常見。

Formerly, fullwidth ASCII characters were often used, either to make the presentation look orderly, or simply due to the poorly developed computer technologies available for text layout. Nowadays, typesetting engines allow for proportional or monospace fonts, as required, rather than forcing the user to resort to the old fullwidth blocks of Latin letters and European numerals.

过去，由于计算机排版技术不精良，多使用“全角ASCII字符”以达到整齐等视觉排版效果。现今在文本储存时，应避免使用该区段的拉丁字母及数字字符，交由排版引擎处理比例字体、等宽字体等显示需求。

過去，因計算機排版技術不甚精良，多使用「全形ASCII字元」以達整齊等視覺排版效果。現今在文本儲存時，應避免使用該區段之拉丁字母及數字字元，交由排版引擎處理比例字體、等寬字體等顯示需求。

When Western texts are mixed with Han characters, Chinese style punctuation and its common usage should be used in principle since the main text is Chinese. However, in the case of technical documents, if plenty of formulae are contained in the text, the full stop can be unified with the western-style period, U+002E FULL STOP [.], and the ellipsis can be unifed with the western-style ellipsis, U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS […]. The way glyphs are positioned relative to the character frame follows the Western convention for both Simplified and Traditional text. Also in textbooks on the grammar of Western languages, which contain plenty of example sentences mixed with Chinese, the aforementioned western-style periods can be used.

中西混排中，由于正文是中文，原则上应该使用中文标点，遵守中文标点的习惯用法。但是，涉及公式较多的科学技术中文图书，句号可以统一使用西文句号U+002E FULL STOP [.]，省略号可以使用西文省略号U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS […]，字面分布按西文习惯；又或西文例句较多且多与中文混排的中文版西文语法教材，亦可使用前述的西文句号。

中西混排中，由於正文是中文，原則上應該使用中文標點，遵守中文標點的習慣用法。但是，涉及公式較多的科學技術中文圖書，句號可以統一使用西文句號U+002E FULL STOP [.]，刪節號可以使用西文刪節號U+2026 HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS […]，字面分布按西文習慣；又或西文例句較多且多與中文混排的中文版西文語法教材，亦可使用前述的西文句號。

Mixed Text Composition in Horizontal Writing Mode 横排的中、西文混排配置 橫排的中、西文混排配置

In horizontal writing mode, the basic approach uses proportional fonts to represent Western alphas and uses proportional or monospace fonts for European numerals. In principle, there is tracking or spacing between an adjacent Han character and a Western character of up to 1/4 em, except at the line start or end.

横排时，西文字母使用比例字体；阿拉伯数字则常用比例字体或等宽字体。原则上，汉字与西文字母、数字间使用不多于四分之一个汉字宽的字距或空白。但西文出现在行首或行尾时，则无须加入空白。

橫排時，西文字母使用比例字體；阿拉伯數字則常用比例字體或等寬字體。原則上，漢字與西文字母、數字間使用不多於四分之一個漢字寬的字距或空白。但西文出現在行首或行尾時，則毋須加入空白。

Mixed Text Composition in Vertical Writing Mode 直排的中、西文混排配置 直排的中、西文混排配置

For vertical writing mode, the following list describes methods of setting Western alphas and European numerals:

直排时，西文字母与阿拉伯数字的配置有以下三种方法：

直排時，西文字母與阿拉伯數字的配置有以下三種方法：

1. Setting Western text with Han character width monospace fonts. Western alphas or European numerals follow each other, one at a time, in the same direction and orientation as the Han characters. This arrangement is usually adopted where the text contains a single letter or digit, or an acronym (such as GDP).

   采用与汉字等宽的字体或全角文字，使用与汉字相同的书写方向依字母排列，无须转向。当文中的西文字母与阿拉伯数字为单独一字或为首字母缩略词时（如GDP），多使用这种方式配置。

   採用與漢字等寬之字體或全形字元，使用與漢字相同的書寫方向依字母排列，毋須轉向。當文中的西文字母與阿拉伯數字為單獨一字、或為首字母縮略詞時（如GDP），多使用這種方式配置。

   

2. Setting Western text with proportional fonts, rotated 90 degrees clockwise. This approach is usually adopted where Western text compose a word or sentence. There is tracking or spacing between a Han character and an adjacent Western alpha or European numeral, up to a width of 1/4 em, except at the line start or end.

   采用比例字体，将文字顺时针旋转90°配置。当文中的西文为一般单词、语句或四位数以上的阿拉伯数字时，采用此方法配置。汉字与西文字母、阿拉伯数字间使用不多于四分之一个汉字宽的字距或空白。但西文出现在行首或行尾时，则无须加入空白。

   採用比例字體，將文字順時針旋轉90度配置。當文中的西字為一般單字詞、語句，或阿拉伯數在四位數以上時，採用此方法配置。漢字與西文字母、阿拉伯數字間使用不多於四分之一個漢字寬的字距或空白。但西文出現在行首或行尾時，則毋須加入空白。

   

3. Setting European numerals with proportional fonts in horizontal-in-vertical orientation. This style is usually adopted when dealing with a two to three digit number whose width is equal to the default line advance or slightly wider (within an acceptable range).

   阿拉伯数字使用比例字体，以纵中横排（保持正常方向，横排）方式配置。主要应用于两至三位数的阿拉伯数字，其宽度与行幅相当，或稍微切出行幅。

   阿拉伯數字使用比例字體，以縱中橫排（保持正常方向，橫排）方式配置。主要應用於二至三位數的阿拉伯數字，其寬度與行幅相當，或稍微切出行幅。

Handling Western Text in Chinese Text Using Proportional Western Fonts 西文使用比例字体时的混排处理 西文使用比例字體時的混排處理

The following provides composition rules for handling Western alphas and European numerals in horizontal writing mode or for situations in vertical writing mode where the words/phrases of Western alphas or European numerals are rotated 90 degrees clockwise:

横排中混排的西文字母、阿拉伯数字，及直排中将文字采顺时针旋转90°配置的西文字母、阿拉伯数字，其配置方式如下：

橫排中混排的西文字母、阿拉伯數字，及直排中將文字採順時針旋轉90度配置的西文字母、阿拉伯數字，其配置方式如下：

1. A sequence of Western characters in a Western word should not break across a line-break, except where hyphenation is allowed.

   西文单字词在可使用连字符处之外，不得分隔为两行。

   西文單字詞在可使用連字符處之外，不得分隔為兩行。

2. Tracking or spacing between a Han character and an alphanumeric is up to 1/4 em.

   汉字与西文字母或阿拉伯数字之间，原则上使用不多于四分之一个汉字宽的字距或空白。

   漢字與西文字母或阿拉伯数字之間，原則上使用不多於四分之一個漢字寬的字距或空白。

3. Justified text alignment is an important feature of Chinese composition. It is harder to align text as expected when a line contains Western characters. Typically, spacing or tracking is applied equally across the line, but such adjustments are only applied between Han characters, or between a Han character and a Western character. The spacing is not equally distributed between characters in Western words and/or European numerals.

   由于中文排版强调行首与行尾对齐，当行内包含西文时，较难对齐，这时多使用均排的方式处理。均排时，各西文词组间、阿拉伯数字间的空格，以及西文字母与阿拉伯数字之间不使用均排，仅调整汉字、汉字与西文间的字距或空白。

   由於中文排版強調行首與行尾對齊，當行內包含西文時，較難對齊，這時多使用均排的方式處理。均排時，各西文詞組間、阿拉伯數字間之空格，以及西文字母與阿拉伯數字之間不使用均排，僅調整漢字、漢字與西文間的字距或空白。

Exceptions are made in the following cases:

以下情况例外：

以下情況例外：

1. Tracking or spacing of Western alphas or European numerals before the line start or after the line end are not justified.

   位于行首的西文字母与阿拉伯数字之前、位于行尾的西文字母与阿拉伯数字之后不调整字距或加入空白。

   位於行首的西文字母與阿拉伯數字之前、位於行尾的西文字母與阿拉伯數字之後不調整字距或加入空白。

2. Tracking or spacing of Western alphas or European numerals is not adjusted before or after Chinese commas or full stops, nor after Chinese opening and before Chinese closing brackets.

   在中文点号前后、中文开始夹注符号之后、结束夹注符号之前的西文字母或阿拉伯数字，不调整字距或加入空白。

   於中文點號前後、中文開始夾注符號之後、結束夾注符號之前的西文字母或阿拉伯數字，不調整字距或加入空白。

Handling of Grid Alignment in Chinese and Western Mixed Text Composition 纵横对齐下的中西文混排处理 縱橫對齊下的中西文混排處理

Due to the fact that each Han character is of the same width, not only should characters at the start and end of a line be aligned but it is also a requirement for characters within blocks of Han text to be aligned both vertically and horizontally, whether in vertical or horizontal writing mode. When Western alphas or European numerals are present, this principle is harder to achieve. Possible approaches are listed below:

由于汉字各字等宽的性质，无论在直排或横排的情况下，除了行两端对齐外，亦求各行间的各个汉字能够纵横对齐。若遇西文字母或阿拉伯数字采用比例字体，难以满足这项原则时，处理方式如下：

由於漢字各字等寬的性質，無論在直排或橫排的情況下，除了行兩端對齊外，亦求各行間的各個漢字能夠縱橫對齊。若遇西文字母或阿拉伯數字採用比例字體，便難以滿足這項原則，處理方式如下：

1. Instead of 1/4-em spacing between a Han character and an alphanumeric, it is possible to use flexible spacing of up to 1/2 em. This brings the space occupied by Western characters to a multiple of the width of a Han character. In this way, both the Han characters before and after a Western text span snap to the grid lines.

   汉字与西文字母或阿拉伯数字间不使用四分之一汉字宽的字距，而是加入大于零、小于等于二分之一汉字宽的弹性空白，使西文所占的空间为汉字的整数倍，确保西文前后的汉字都能纵横对齐。

   漢字與西文字母或阿拉伯数字間不使用四分之一漢字寬之字距，而是加入大於零、小於等於二分之一漢字寬的彈性空白，使西文所佔之空間為漢字的整數倍，確保西文前後之漢字都能縱橫對齊。

2. When a Western word appears at the line end and needs to be broken, rather than breaking the word at a syllable boundary per the Western convention, the word may be forced to break at the line end, in order to ensure correct alignment.

   当西文单词位于行尾必须断行时，无须遵照西文从音节断行的惯例，在行尾强制断行，以确保行尾对齐。

   當西文單詞位於行尾必須斷行時，無須遵照西文從音節斷行的慣例，於行尾強制斷行，以確保行尾對齊。

Usage of Interlinear Annotations 行间注的用途 行間注的用途

Chinese interlinear annotation, also known as ruby, refers to small, supplementary text attached to certain characters or words in the main text. Chinese interlinear annotation is usually set in the interlinear space and aligned to the corresponding base text which it annotates. In Chinese typesetting, Chinese interlinear annotation is mainly used to indicate pronunciation or meaning.

行间注是标注在字词旁侧的小字号补充文本。行间注的注文通常位于行间，与其所标注的基文对齐，因这一性质而又名为行间注。行间注在中文排版里的用途主要为标音与释义。

行間注是標注於字詞旁側的小字號補充文本。行間注的注文通常位於行間，與其所標注的基文對齊，因這一性質而又名為行間注。行間注在中文排版里的用途主要為標音與釋義。

Overview of Interlinear Annotation Positioning 行间注排版概述 行間注排版概述

In vertical writing mode, Bopomofo, Romanization or bilingual annotations are usually placed on the right side of the base text (Han characters), while interlinear comments are often placed on the left side. In horizontal writing mode, Bopomofo can be placed above the base text, but in most cases they are still set to the right side of the base text. On the other hand, Romanization and bilingual annotations can appear both above or below the base text, and the interlinear comments are usually placed at the bottom of the base text.

直排时，注音符号或罗马拼音、中外文对照常位于（汉字）右侧，行间批语则多位于基文片段左侧；横排时，注音符号可置于（汉字）的上方及右侧，但多见于右侧，而罗马拼音及中外文对照上下皆可，行间批语则位于基文片段的后方。

直排時，注音符號或羅馬拼音、中外文對照常位於受注基文（漢字）右側，行間批語則多位於基文片段左側；橫排時，注音符號可置於受注基文（漢字）的上方及右側，但多見於右側，而羅馬拼音及中外文對照上下皆可，行間批語則位於基文片段的後方。

In principle, Bopomofo symbols are of the same size, and the number of Bopomofo symbols for one Han character is never more than three, which is quite easily manageable. Romanization, however, uses Latin letters whose sizes are proportional, their composed lengths are varied and there should be spaces between the words. Thus, these two kinds of phonetic annotations differ greatly in positioning.

注音符号等宽且每个汉字标音的注音符号字数不超过三个，较为可控；而拉丁字母非等宽，拼式长短不一，且相邻拼式相连时应当有词间空格隔开。两类标音行间注的排版差异较大。

注音符號等寬且每个漢字標音的注音符號字數不超過三個，較為可控；而拉丁字母非等寬，拼式長短不一，且相鄰拼式相連時應當有詞間空格隔開。兩類標音行間注的排版差異較大。

Annotating with both Romanization and Bopomofo is a practical way to indicate the reading to readers who know only one of these systems, as well as helping study of or enquiries about the other one. Normally, when Romanization and Bopomofo are both provided, the Bopomofo symbols are placed on the right side of the Han character while Romanization is set at the bottom of the Han character in horizontal writing mode and to the left side in vertical writing mode.

拼注音共同标注是一种可行的作法，能同时为仅熟悉单一标音系统的两种读者提供汉字标音，并作为学习、査询另一种系统拼写的有效方式。一般情况下，“拼注音共同标注”的注音符号位于汉字右侧，横排时罗马拼音位于汉字下方，直排时位于汉字左侧。

拼注音共同標注是一種可行的作法，能同時為僅熟悉單一標音系統的二種讀者提供漢字標音，並作為學習、査詢另一種系統拼寫的有效方式。一般情況下，「拼注音共同標注」的注音符號位漢字右側，橫排時羅馬拼音位漢字下方，直排時位漢字左側。

Positioning of Bopomofo Interlinear Annotations 注音符号标音的排版 注音符號標音的排版

Choice of Size and Ratio for Bopomofo Symbols 注音符号的比例与大小 注音符號的比例與大小

1. The size of Bopomofo annotation marks, including the phonetic symbols and their tones, should not exceed the size of the corresponding base characters. When Bopomofo annotation marks are placed above or to the right side of the base characters, the width of the Bopomofo annotation marks should not exceed the size of the corresponding base characters.

   为汉字标注注音时，注文（注音及其调号）尺寸原则上不大于其受注汉字（基文）。注文位基字上方时的宽度或位基字右方时的高度，原则上不应超过基字的宽高。

   為漢字標注注音時，注文（注音及其調號）尺寸原則上不大於其受注漢字（基文）。注文位基字上方時的寬度或位基字右方時的高度，原則上不應超過基字之寬高。

2. When Bopomofo annotations are placed to the right side of base characters, in principle they should take half of the space of the corresponding base characters. The space should include the phonetic symbols as well as the tone marks. Bopomofo annotations without tone marks, such as the level tone in Mandarin, should take the same amount of space as annotations with tone marks.

   当注音标注在基字右侧时，原则上占用文字尺寸一半的空间。该空间包含字音与调号，无调号的注音（如国语阴平调）所占的注文空间与包含调号者一致。

   當注音標注於基字右側時，原則上佔用文字尺寸一半的空間。該空間包含字音與調號，無調號的注音（如國語陰平調）所佔的注文空間與包含調號者一致。

   In vertical writing mode, when Bopomofo annotations are placed to the right side of the base characters (vertical Bopomofo), the line gap of the paragraph, where the Bopomofo annotations should be placed, needs more than 1.5 times that of the base characters. The type area should be designed to allow the proper space for the line gap. If the line gap is more than 1.5 times that of the height of the base character, the line gap should not be affected, whether there are Bopomofo annotations between the lines or not.

   文字直排、注音置于基字右侧时，段落通常需要基字尺寸1.5倍以上的行距，注文应标注在此行距间，设计版心时须先取适当行距值。段落行距在基字尺寸1.5倍以上时，行距不应受注音标注与否的影响。

   文字直排、注音置於基字右側時，段落通常需要基字尺寸1.5倍以上的行距，注文應標注於此行距間，設計版心時須先取適當行距值。段落行距在基字尺寸1.5倍以上時，行距不應受注音標注與否的影響。

   In horizontal writing mode, when Bopomofo annotations are placed to the right side of the base characters (vertical Bopomofo), the spaces between the base characters, where the Bopomofo annotations are placed, should be at least half of the width of those characters. To achieve grid alignment, the characters without Bopomofo annotations, such as punctuation marks, Western words and indented spaces should keep the same space as well.

   文字横排、注音置于基字右侧时，段落间的汉字皆须预留基字尺寸一半以上的字距，每字皆然，注文应标注在此字距间。在纵横对齐的原则下，未标注注文的文字（如标点符号、西文词组、首行缩进的字数等）也会预留相同的空间。

   文字橫排、注音置於基字右側時，段落間的漢字皆須預留基字尺寸一半以上的字距，每字皆然，注文應標注於此字距間。在縱橫對齊的原則下，未標注注文的文字（如標點符號、西文詞組、首行縮進的字數等）也會預留相同的空間。

3. In principle, the size of Bopomofo annotations (including the phonetic symbols and the tone marks) to that of base characters ratio should be 3:10. In vertical Bopomofo, Bopomofo annotations should be vertically center-aligned to the base character, while in horizontal Bopomofo, Bopomofo annotations should be center-aligned over the base character beneath them.

   原则上，注文中各个符号（注音及调号）的尺寸与基字比3:10。直排注音时，注文整体垂直向基字置中对齐；横排注音时，注文整体水平向基字居中对齐。

   原則上，注文中各個符號（注音及調號）的尺寸與基字比3:10。直排注音時，注文整體垂直向基字置中對齊；橫排注音時，注文整體水平向基字置中對齊。

   The percentage rules above assume that all the tone marks (ˊˇˋ˪˫ㆴㆵㆶㆷ) and the neutral tone mark (˙) are set with the same font size as that of the base characters.

   所用字体中，平上去入声（ˊˇˋ˪˫ㆴㆵㆶㆷ）及轻声（˙）等调号皆应与汉字尺寸一致，方适用以上比例。

   所用字體中，平上去入聲（ˊˇˋ˪˫ㆴㆵㆶㆷ）及輕聲（˙）等調號皆應與漢字尺寸一致，方適用以上比例。

   In vertical Bopomofo, the width of the space taken by the neutral tone mark does not change but the height ratio to the base character should be 1:15. In horizontal Bopomofo, the height of the space taken by the neutral tone mark does not change but the width ratio to the base character should be 1:15.

   直排注音时，轻声符宽度不变，高度与基字比1:15；横排注音时，轻声符的高度不变，宽度与基字比1:15。

   直排注音時，輕聲符寬度不變，高度與基字比1:15；橫排注音時，輕聲符的高度不變，寬度與基字比1:15。

4. When annotating Bopomofo for paragraphs with characters in larger sizes (for example, headings), the size of the Bopomofo annotations can be adjusted accordingly.

   为字号较大的段落（如标题）标注注音时，可视情况调整注音符号的比例与大小。

   為字號較大的段落（如標題）標注注音時，可視情況調整注音符號的比例與大小。

Positioning of Romanized Interlinear Annotations 罗马拼音标音的排版 羅馬拼音標音的排版

Words as the Basic Units for Annotating Pronunciation 分词连写标音 分詞連寫標音

1. The base text contains one or more Han characters. Rules for separating terms can be found in Basic Rules of Hanyu Pinyin Orthography (GB/T 16159—2012).

   基文为一个或多个汉字构成的词语。分词连写规则可依据《汉语拼音正词法基本规则》（GB/T 16159—2012）。

   基文為一個或多个漢字構成的詞語。分詞連寫規則可依據《汉语拼音正词法基本规则》（GB/T 16159—2012）。

2. Annotations sometimes appear below the Han characters.

   注文有时在下方。

   注文有時在下方。

3. Both the phonetic annotations and the base text are separated at word boundaries. The adjacent annotations are separated by an approximately 1/2-em wide space, while the tracking inside the base text is usually normal.

   正文与标音双方皆分词连写。相邻基文之间有约1/2字宽的空格隔开，基文内部字距通常正常。

   正文與標音雙方皆分詞連寫。相鄰基文之間有約1/2字寬的空格隔開，基文內部字距通常正常。

4. Many word-based annotations indicate the logic of the whole sentence, rather than merely the pronunciation: these phonetic annotations have capitalized sentences and capitalized proper names. Punctuation may also be included in these annotations, but is kept with a preceding annotation, as shown in [[[#group-ruby]]], and doesn't appear over the punctuation in the base text.

   许多分词连写标音用例体现出对整个句子标音的逻辑，而非简单对词语标音：注文有句首大写、专名首字母大写。有标点，标点跟随左侧（前方）注文，如[[[#group-ruby]]]所示。

   許多分詞連寫標音用例體現出對整個句子標音的邏輯，而非簡單對詞語標音：注文有句首大寫、專名首字母大寫。有標點，標點跟隨左側（前方）注文，如[[[#group-ruby]]]所示。

Atypical Cases for Han character Phonetic Annotations 汉字标音的非典型情况 漢字標音的非典型情況

Erhuayin 儿化音 兒化音

Erhuayin, also known as rhotacization of syllable finals, is a special phonetic phenomenon in Modern Standard Chinese (Mandarin). Due to the limitations of annotating single Han characters, the Bopomofo annotations fail to indicate the continuity of Erhuayin and the change of the final sound, while Romanization shows the features of Erhuayin effectively.

对现代标准汉语的特殊语音现象——儿化，注音符号受制于其标注单个汉字的局限，难以准确表达儿化音节的连续性及韵母变音，需要在正文或附注中额外说明；罗马拼音则可有效标注此现象。

對現代標準漢語的特殊語音現象——兒化，注音符號受制於其標注單個漢字的局限，難以準確表達兒化音節的連續性及韻母變音，需要在正文或附注中額外說明；羅馬拼音則可有效標注此現象。

Positioning of Bilingual Annotations 中外文对照的排版 中外文對照的排版

Typesetting of bilingual annotations is actually quite similar to that of Romanization. Annotations are usually placed to the right of the base text in vertical writing mode, or above the base text in horizontal writing mode.

中外文对照的排版方式与罗马拼音标音类似，多位于受注文本片段顶端——直排时在基文右侧，横排时在基文上方。

中外文對照的排版方式與羅馬拼音標音類似，多位於受注文本片段頂端——直排時位基文右側，橫排時位基文上方。

Positioning of Interlinear Comments 行间批语的排版 行間批語的排版

Interlinear comments can have very varied layouts and lengths. They are usually placed at the line foot of the annotated text — to the left side of the base text in vertical writing mode or below the base text in horizontal writing mode. Sometimes the interlinear comments are in other colors to help the reader tell the difference from the body text.

行间批语的格式多变且内容长度不一，通常位于受注的文本片段底端——直排时位基文左侧，横排时位基文下方。为与正文区隔，有时以不同于正文文字的颜色来显示。

行間批語的格式多變且內容長度不一，通常位於受注的文本片段底端——直排時位基文左側，橫排時位基文下方。為與正文區隔，有時以不同於正文文字的顏色來顯示。

Interlinear comments are also used to explain the context and details of a longer text fragment. In such cases, due to the ambiguity of the base text, the annotation can find a suitable place as an anchor and flow down. There's no strict requirement for its length, and sometimes it can be longer than one line.

行间批语可用于解释一段长文本的整体语境。这种情况下，由于没有明确的基文，其注文常从一个合适的锚点位置展开并向后延伸，长度不拘，有时可超过一行。

行間批語可用於解釋一段長文本的整體語境。這種情況下，由於沒有明確的基文，其注文常自一個合適的錨點位置展開並向後延伸，長度不拘，時可超過一行。

First-line Indents 段首缩排 段首縮排

A paragraph, a section of a document which consists of one or more sentences to indicate a distinct idea, usually begins on a new line. For the related first-line indents, the following methods are available.

为使不同的文本形成意义上的区隔、构成段落，呈现上，会使用断行以标示一个段落的起始，同时也会在段落首行加上空白进行缩排（也称为缩进），原则上以文本的汉字大小作为缩排单位，主要呈现方法如下。

為使不同的文本形成意義上的區隔、構成段落，呈現上，會使用斷行以標示一個段落的起始，同時也會在段落首行加上空白進行縮排（也稱為縮進），原則上以文本的漢字大小作為縮排單位，主要呈現方法如下。

1. First-line indents are applied to all paragraphs. Nearly all books and magazines make use of this method.

   所有段落首行皆缩排。几乎所有的书籍与杂志皆使用此方法。

   所有段落首行皆縮排。幾乎所有的書籍與雜誌皆使用此方法。

2. First-line indents do not apply to the first paragraph but to the rest of the paragraphs. This method is mostly seen in Western publications.

   篇章最初段落的首行不缩排，其余段落首行缩排。此方法多见于西文书籍。

   篇章最初段落的首行不縮排，其餘段落首行縮排。此方法多見於西文書籍。

3. No first-line indent is applied to any paragraph. A certain amount of space is inserted between the paragraphs so as to indicate the distinction between different paragraphs. In some books and magazines this method is applied.

   所有段落首行皆不缩排，在段落与段落间加入一定程度的间距，作为间隔。部分书籍与杂志使用这种方式。

   所有段落首行皆不予縮排，在段落與段落間加入一定程度的間距，以為區隔。部分書籍與雜誌使用這種方式。

4. In principle, some unfinished paragraphs should be broken rather than apply the first-line indents for the following paragraph. Dialogs, quotations or subtitles that the editor inserted might appear before the unfinished paragraph.

   原则上，部分语气未完的段落予以断行、而不缩排。语气未完的段落前可能出现对话、引言以及为与正文有所区隔，由编辑所下的标题等。

   原則上，部分語氣未完的段落予以斷行、而不縮排。語氣未完的段落前可能出現對話、引言，及為與正文有所區隔，由編輯所下的標題等。

In principle, there is no extra space between paragraphs in Chinese books. The space between the last line of the previous paragraph and the first line of the next paragraph stays the same as the space between the rest of the lines in the paragraph. If a blank line is inserted after a paragraph, usually it indicates the end of the section or chapter. If there is no indent but extra space is added among the lines as an indication of separation, no blank line should be inserted to indicate the end of the section or chapter.

原则上，在中文书籍排版中各段落间不使用间距，前段落末行、后段落首行与段落内行距一致。若段落间加入空白行，则表示一节的结束。但段落首行不缩排时所加入的段落间距则与传统排版有所差异，不适合加入空行做节的区分，避免过多的留空造成体例不良。

原則上，在中文書籍排版中各段落間不使用間距，前段落末行、後段落首行與段落內行距一致。若段落間加入空白行，則表示一節的結束。但段落首行不縮排時所加入的段落間距則與傳統排版有所差異，不適合加入空行做節的區分，避免過多的留空造成體裁不良。

Alongside the case of applying indents to the beginning of all lines, there is also the method that indents the second and following lines of the paragraph, called tupai [凸排] or itemization, used in cases such as dramatic script lines and lines starting with the name of a person. Numbered lists of items, questions and answers (Q&A), and legal provisions utilise this method as well. Though called tupai [凸排] or itemization, the beginning of the line should not go beyond the type area.

除缩排外，也有首行不缩排、次行起至末行缩排的状况，称为凸排。例如剧本中的对白，首行以人名开头不缩排，第二行起缩排。编号列表、问答、法律条文等也使用此种方式处理。虽称为凸排，但首行开始处不超过版心所设定的范围。

除縮排外，也有首行不縮排、次行起至末行縮排的狀況，稱為凸排。例如劇本中的對白，首行以人名開頭不縮排，第二行起縮排。編號列表、問答、法律條文等也使用此種方式處理。雖稱為凸排，但首行開始處不超過版心所設定的範圍。

When the tupai [凸排] or itemization method is used, the indent of the second line and the rest usually takes a fixed amount of space such as three characters plus one colon which takes four-character space. When the name of a person is less than three characters, a certain amount of space should be inserted between the characters so as to keep the same width as four.

凸排时，次行起缩排通常为固定量的空白，例如人名三个字加冒号共四字，凡遇对话时次行皆缩排四个全角空白。当人名少于三个字时，则在姓与名间加入空白，以保持体例一致。

凸排時，次行起縮排通常為固定量的空白，例如人名三字加冒號共四字，凡遇對話時次行皆縮排四個全形空白。遇人名少於三字時，則於姓與名間加入空白，以保持體例一致。

Paragraph Indent 段落缩排 段落縮排

The paragraph indent is the indentation of the line start by a fixed amount, starting from the line start side of the type area (in the case of one column) or of the column area (in the case of several columns). This method is usually applied for quotations, poetry or subtitles in a paragraph or between the paragraphs.

段落缩排是指将版心（单栏排版时）以及栏的范围（多栏排版时）由行首侧以指定的量，将文字开始位置向后移动的处理。此种缩排方式多应用于段落内或段落间引用文章、诗词及标题等。

段落縮排係指將版心（單欄排版時）以及欄的範圍（多欄排版時）由行首側以指定的量，將文字開始位置向後移動的處理。此種縮排方式多應用於段落內或段落間引用文章、詩詞及標題等。

Single Line Alignment Processing 单行对齐处理 單行對齊處理

Line alignment method is a process for setting the alignment of each line of text so that the actual position of the text can be matched with their preset position. "Single line alignment" is a process for setting alignment for a run of text that is shorter than a given line length. This method is frequently used for items, headings, and poems. The following methods are available.

对齐系指使段落间各行文字实际配置位置能够与默认的文字配置位置符合。此处的“单行对齐”是指针对行长比预定行长更短的单行文字进行对齐的处理。这种方法常用于并排项目、标题和诗词等等。有着以下作法：

對齊係指使段落間各行文字實際配置位置能夠與預設的文字配置位置符合。此處的「單行對齊」是指針對行長比預定行長更短的單行文字進行對齊的處理。這種方法常用於並排項目、標題和詩詞等等。有著以下作法：

1. Centering

   居中对齐

   置中對齊

   The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid, but the Han-Western spacing and the spacing around brackets can be adjusted according to the typesetting style. The center of the character sequence is unified with the center of the line, and the amount of spacing at the line start and line end is made equal.

   行内文字原则上密排，但可以依据排版风格对中西间距和夹注符号进行调整。文字列的中央与行的中央对齐排列，行首与行尾的空白量均等。

   行內文字原則上密排，但可以依據排版風格對中西間距和夾註符號進行調整。文字列的中央與行的中央對齊排列，行首與行尾的空白量均等。

2. Line start alignment

   行首对齐

   行首對齊

   The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid, but the Han-Western spacing and the spacing around brackets can be adjusted according to the typesetting style. The start of the character sequence is unified with the line start, and if the line is not full, the line end is kept empty.

   行内文字原则上密排，但可以依据排版风格对中西间距和夹注符号进行调整。文字列开头与预设行首位置对齐，该行末字至行尾使用空白。

   行內文字原則上密排，但可以依據排版風格對中西間距和夾註符號進行調整。文字列開頭與預設行首位置對齊，該行末字至行尾使用空白。

3. Line end alignment

   行尾对齐

   行尾對齊

   The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid, but the Han-Western spacing and the spacing around brackets can be adjusted according to the typesetting style. The end of the character sequence is unified with the line end, and if the line is not full, the line start is kept empty.

   行内文字原则上密排，但可以依据排版风格对中西间距和夹注符号进行调整。该行首字至行首使用空白。

   行內文字原則上密排，但可以依據排版風格對中西間距和夾註符號進行調整。該行首字至行首使用空白。

4. Even inter-character spacing

   均排

   均排

   The space between adjacent characters is, in principle, set solid, but the Han-Western spacing and the spacing around brackets can be adjusted according to the typesetting style. Using the spacing made available during line adjustment processing, equal character spacing is applied where possible. The start of the character sequence is aligned to the position of the line start, and the end of the character sequence to the position of the line end.

   行内文字原则上密排，但可以依据排版风格对中西间距和夹注符号进行调整。文字列开头与行首位置对齐然后按照行调整的拉伸处理原则，将空白平均置于该行各字间，让文字列末尾与行尾位置对齐。

   行內文字原則上密排，但可以依據排版風格對中西間距和夾註符號進行調整。文字列開頭與行首位置對齊然後按照行調整的拉伸處理原則，將空白平均置於該行各字間，讓文字列末尾與行尾位置對齊。

   Two use cases for even inter-character spacing:

   均排多见于以下两种状况：

   均排多見於以下兩種狀況：

   1. A frequently seen case of even inter-character spacing is that, after applying the punctuation prohibition rules to each line, some lines will have more than one character space left, so in order to align the beginning and ending with the rest of the lines, this line should apply even inter-character spacing.

      此种情况较常见。各行套用标点禁则处理后，部分行行内将剩余一个字以上的空白，为符合中文排版段落头尾对齐的规则，该行以均排处理；段落末行或段落仅有一行时则不使用均排。

      此種情況較常見。各行套用標點禁則處理後，部分行行內將剩餘一字以上的空白，為符合中文排版段落頭尾對齊的規則，該行以均排處理；於段落末行或段落僅有一行時則不使用均排。

   2. Even inter-character spacing is often used for listing names of people or objects. The last line of a paragraph or a paragraph with only one line can have even inter-character spacing applied as well.

      在列表中，如列举人名、物品名时，采均排以求体例一致，当段落末行或段落仅有一行时，亦使用均排。

      於列表，如列舉人名、物品名時，採均排以求體例一致，於段落末行或段落僅有一行時，亦使用均排。

Handling of Widows and Orphans 孤行与孤字处理 孤行與孤字處理

In the tradition of Chinese composition, an orphan does not make a line, nor does a widow make a page. The principles are as described below.

中文排版传统上有着“孤字不成行、孤行不成页”的规则。实际原则如下：

中文排版傳統上有著「孤字不成行、孤行不成頁」的規則。實際原則如下：

1. If there is only one character or one character with a punctuation mark left in the last line of a paragraph, this character is called an orphan. An orphan can be processed using the following methods, so that more than two characters can be positioned in the last line of a paragraph.

   若段落末行仅有一个汉字，或一个汉字加上标点符号，即为孤字。孤字可以以下方法处理，使段落末行能有两个汉字以上：

   若段落末行僅有一個漢字，或一個漢字加上標點符號，即為孤字。孤字可以以下方法處理，使段落末行能有兩個漢字以上：

   1. Similar to the handling for the prohibition rule that punctuation marks should not appear at the line start, the last character of the previous line can be moved to the next line, and the previous line should apply even inter-character spacing.

      按照避头点的处理方式，由前一行取一字至末行，前一行采均排。

      比照避頭點的處理方式，由前一行取一字至末行，前一行採均排。

   2. Delete some characters from the paragraph so that there will be enough space to move the orphan back to the previous line.

      删减该段落文字，使孤字缩进段落前一行。

      刪減該段落文字，使孤字縮進段落前一行。

   3. Add more characters to the last line.

      在该段落增加文字。

      於該段落增加文字。

   The definition of orphan in Chinese typesetting has some similarity with the definition of orphan in Latin typesetting. Refer to section 5.2 of Requirements for Latin Text Layout and Pagination.

   孤字的定义近似于拉丁文字排版中orphan的概念，可参考《拉丁文字排版与分页需求》5.2节，其定义也随排版者有所不同。

   孤字之定義近似於拉丁文字排版中orphan的概念，可參考《拉丁文字排版與分頁需求》5.2節，其定義也隨排版者有所不同。

2. If the first line of a paragraph in a page is the last line of a paragraph from the previous page, it is called a widow. A widow can be handled via the following methods.

   若页面中第一行为前一页最后一个段落的末行，即为孤行。孤行可以以下方法处理。

   若頁面中第一行為前一頁最後一個段落的末行，即為孤行。孤行可以以下方法處理：

   1. Move the widow line to the previous page and it can go beyond the type area.

      将孤行移至前一页，使其突出版心。

      將孤行移至前一頁，使其突出版心。

   2. Move the last line of the previous page to join the widow.

      前一页最后段落取一行置于该页。

      前一頁最後段落取一行置於該頁。

   3. Delete some characters from the paragraph so that there will be enough space for the widow to be moved back to the previous page.

      删除该段落文字，使该行能纳入前一页的段落。

      刪除該段落文字，使該行能納入前一頁之段落。

   4. Add more characters to the widow so that there will be more than two lines on the page.

      在该段落增加文字，让该行文字能够超过一行以上。

      於該段落增加文字，讓該行文字能夠超過一行以上。

   The definition of widow in Chinese typesetting has some similarity with the definition of widow in Latin typesetting. Refer to section 5.1 of Requirements for Latin Text Layout and Pagination.

   孤行之定义近似于拉丁文字排版中widow的概念，可参考《拉丁文字排版与分页需求》5.1 节。

   孤行之定義近似於拉丁文字排版中widow的概念，可參考《拉丁文字排版與分頁需求》5.1節。

Orphans and widows might differ in the cases below:

孤字孤行有着程度差异，如：

孤字孤行有著程度差異，如：

1. There is only one line in a page and the line consists of one character and a punctuation mark, which makes the text an orphan and widow at the same time.

   一页仅有一行，该行仅有一个字与标点。即孤字孤行同时出现。

   一頁僅有一行，該行僅有一字與標點。即孤字孤行同時出現。

2. There are multiple paragraphs in a page but the first line is a widow and the first line consists of one character and a punctuation mark, which makes the orphan and widow appear together.

   一页有复数段落，第一行为孤行，且该行仅有一字与标点。即孤字孤行同时出现。

   一頁有複數段落，第一行為孤行，且該行僅有一字與標點。即孤字孤行同時出現。

3. There is only one line in a page, which makes the line a widow.

   一页仅有一行，该行为孤行。

   一頁僅有一行，該行為孤行。

4. There are multiple paragraphs in a page but the first line is a widow.

   一页有复数段落，第一行为孤行。

   一頁有複數段落，第一行為孤行。

5. There are multiple paragraphs in a page but one of the lines consists of one character only, which make the only character an orphan.

   一页有复数段落，其中某一段落末行仅有一字，该字为孤字。

   一頁有複數段落，其中某一段落末行僅有一字，該字為孤字。

There are different viewpoints on how the orphans and widows should be handled in the cases above due to differences between publishers. Case (a) and case (b) have a bigger affect on typesetting while case (c) affects it less. Cases (d) and (e) are rarely seen.

以上状况是否需进行处理，各排版者有不同的标准。其中（a）与（b）对体裁的影响较为严重，（c）次之，（d）与（e）的处理则较少见。

以上狀況是否需進行處理，各排版者有不同的標準。其中a.與b. 對體裁的影響較為嚴重，c.次之，d.與e.之處理則較少見。

Necessity for Line Adjustment 行内调整的必要性 行內調整的必要性

There are numerous reasons, e.g. [[[#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end]]], that result in line lengths being uneven. Under such circumstances, line adjustment is required. With the exception of [[[#prohibition_rules_for_unbreakable_marks]]], a run of text may be broken at the specified line length, allowing the text to be arranged into even rows. Other than the last line of a paragraph, the start and end of a line must be placed at the specified line start and line end position respectively. The last line of the paragraph will be adjusted accordingly to the overall flow of the text with adjustments made to the width of its punctuation. It is not necessary for the end of the last line to be aligned with the rest of the text. Please refer to [[[#adjustments_of_orphans_and_widows]]]. If the text only comprises of 1 line, please refer to [[[#ways_of_alignments]]].

由于[[[#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end]]]等原因造成行的长度长短不一，这时需要进行“行内调整”。在除了[[[#prohibition_rules_for_unbreakable_marks]]]以外的的地方，先将整段文字按照指定的行长断开，排列成行。对于除了段落最后一行以外的各行，其行首、行尾必须分别放到指定行长的位置。对于段落最后一行，原则上按照排版风格进行标点宽度调整即可，末尾没有必要与指定行长的行尾对齐；最后一行需要调整的特殊情况，请参照[[[#adjustments_of_orphans_and_widows]]]。而当段落有且仅有一行时，请参照[[[#ways_of_alignments]]]。

由於[[[#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end]]]等原因造成行的長度長短不一，這時需要進行「行內調整」。在除了[[[#prohibition_rules_for_unbreakable_marks]]]以外的的地方，先將整段文字按照指定的行長斷開，排列成行。對於除了段落最後一行以外的各行，其行首、行尾必須分別放到指定行長的位置。對於段落最後一行，原則上按照排版風格進行標點寬度調整即可，末尾沒有必要與指定行長的行尾對齊；最後一行需要調整的特殊情況，請參照[[[#adjustments_of_orphans_and_widows]]]。而當段落有且僅有一行時，請參照[[[#ways_of_alignments]]]。

There are a number of reasons for line adjustment, mainly:

造成需要行内调整的原因有很多，主要有：

造成需要行內調整的原因有很多，主要有：

1. Lines which are interspersed with many European numerals, Western alphas or other non-full width characters;

   行内夹杂了阿拉伯数字、西文字母等非一个汉字字宽的字符；

   行內夾雜了阿拉伯數字、西文字母等非一個漢字字寬的字符；

2. Instances where punctuation marks occur consecutively and still remain uneven after [[[#h-adjustment_of_adjacent_punctuation_marks]]];

   标点符号连续出现，且按照[[[#h-adjustment_of_adjacent_punctuation_marks]]]的原则性调整之后与事先设定的行长不一致；

   標點符號連續出現，且按照[[[#h-adjustment_of_adjacent_punctuation_marks]]]的原則性調整之後與事先設定的行長不一致；

3. Lines containing characters of different font sizes;

   行内混用不同字号，比如该行有“行内夹注”并使用了小一些的字号；

   行內混用不同字號，比如該行有「行內夾註」並使用了小一些的字號；

4. After the processing of punctuation in accordance with [[[#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end]]].

   标点符号依照[[[#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end]]]进行了处理。

   標點符號依照[[[#prohibition_rules_for_line_start_end]]]進行了處理。

In contrast to Western typesetting, the body text in Chinese books are rarely left-aligned, and instead should be justified. Justification of Western text hinges on the adjustment of space between the words on a line, whereas there are more options for line justification when it comes to Chinese typesetting.

与西文排版不同，中文排版特别是书籍正文排版极少使用左齐右不齐，原则上应该进行两端对齐。西文排版两端对齐（justification）时，主要是调整单词之间的间隙（词距），而中文排版在两端对齐时，能调整的地方更多，具体如下所述。

與西文排版不同，中文排版特別是書籍正文排版極少使用左齊右不齊，原則上應該進行兩端對齊。西文排版兩端對齊（justification）時，主要是調整單詞之間的間隙（詞距），而中文排版在兩端對齊時，能調整的地方更多，具體如下所述。

Reduction and Expansion of Inter-Character Spacing 挤压处理和拉伸处理 擠壓處理和拉伸處理

Line adjustments are predicated upon the amount of available space, for example, spacing between Western words, [[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]], and so on. There are two methods for line adjustment:

行内调整的对象是需要按照预先定义的可调整空间，如西文词距、[[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]等等。行内调整有以下两种方法：

行內調整的對象是需要按照預先定義的可調整空間，如西文詞距、[[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]等等。行內調整有以下兩種方法：

1. Reduction of Inter-Character Spacing: Inter-character spacing like those between Western words, mixed texts, or as described in [[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]], should be reduced in accordance to the prevailing typesetting style.

   挤压处理：“挤压处理”是指按照预先规定的排版风格，压缩西文词距、中西间距和[[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]等处的做法。

   擠壓處理：「擠壓處理」是指按照預先規定的排版風格，壓縮西文詞距、中西間距和[[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]等處的做法。

2. Expansion of Inter-Character Spacing: Inter-character spacing like those between Western words, mixed texts or scenarios that are not limited by prohibition rules should be added in accordance to the prevailing typesetting style.

   拉伸处理：“拉伸处理”是指按照预先规定的排版风格，拉伸西文词距、中西间距以及其他未被特殊规定禁止调整等处的做法。

   拉伸處理：「拉伸處理」是指按照預先規定的排版風格，拉伸西文詞距、中西間距以及其他未被特殊規定禁止調整等處的做法。

In order to make the composition tighter and more readable, the guiding principle is to attempt to implement space reduction first. In the event that is insufficient, then space can be added where acceptable to achieve justification.

出于紧凑易读、节约版面的思路，行内调整要遵循“先挤压、后拉伸”的原则，即应该先挤压处理，仍旧无法满足需求之后再进行拉伸处理。

出於緊湊易讀、節約版面的思路，行內調整要遵循「先擠壓、後拉伸」的原則，即應該先擠壓處理，仍舊無法滿足需求之後再進行拉伸處理。

Procedures for Inter-Character Spacing Reduction 挤压处理的优先顺序 擠壓處理的優先順序

Inter-character spacing reduction should be processed according to the following steps, in order of precedence:

行内调整的挤压处理，应该按照下述步骤，确定挤压的优先顺序后依次进行处理：

行內調整的擠壓處理，應該按照下述步驟，確定擠壓的優先順序後依次進行處理：

1. At the end of a line: adjusted to fixed 1/2 em.

   位于行末的标点。调成固定的半个汉字宽。

   位於行末的標點。調成固定的半個漢字寬。

2. Spacing between Western text: for lines with numerous instances of Western text, their spacing should be processed at the same time, with equal treatment. The minimum space between each Western text should be 1/4 em.

   位于行内的西文词距。一行内若有多处西文词距，应该同时、同等量处理，每个西文词距最小可以挤压到四分之一汉字宽。

   位於行內的西文詞距。一行內若有多處西文詞距，應該同時、同等量處理，每個西文詞距最小可以擠壓到四分之一漢字寬。

3. Interpuncts: space reduction must take place equally on both sides of the character. The minimum space is 0, whereby the interpunct ends up being 1/2 em.

   位于行内的间隔号。挤压时必须同时从字面两侧、同等量处理，最小挤到0，即变成半个汉字字宽。

   位於行內的間隔號。擠壓時必須同時從字面兩側、同等量處理，最小擠到0，即變成半個漢字字寬。

4. Brackets: space reduction can take place before the opening bracket and after the closing bracket. If multiple brackets occur within the same line, their space reduction should be processed at the same time, with equal treatment. Space can be reduced until the bracket is 1/2 em.

   位于行内的夹注符号。可以对开始夹注符号的前侧、结束夹注符号的后侧进行挤压，最小可以挤压到半个汉字字宽。一行内如有多处，应该同时、同等量处理。

   位於行內的夾註符號。可以對開始夾註符號的前側、結束夾註符號的後側進行擠壓，最小可以擠壓到半個漢字字寬。壹行內如有多處，應該同時、同等量處理。

5. Commas, secondary commas and semi-colons: space reduction should follow [[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]. Spacing can be reduced at the end of the punctuation mark or equally on either side. If multiple of such punctuations occur within the same line, their space reduction should be processed at the same time, with equal treatment. Space can be reduced until the punctuation mark is 1/2 em.

   位于行内的逗号、顿号、分号。挤压空间依照[[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]，可以是后侧，也可以是字面两侧同时，最小可以挤压到半个汉字字宽。一行内如有多处，应该同时、同等量处理。

   位於行內的逗號、頓號、分號。擠壓空間依照[[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]，可以是後側，也可以是字面兩側同時，最小可以擠壓到半個漢字字寬。一行內如有多處，應該同時、同等量處理。

6. Spacing between Han characters and Western texts: if there are numerous instances of mixed texts, space reduction should be processed at the same time, with equal treatment, with the minimum space being 1/8 em.

   行内的中西间距，最小挤为八分之一汉字宽。一行内若有多处，应该同时、同等量处理。

   行內的中西間距，最小擠為八分之一漢字寬。一行內若有多處，應該同時、同等量處理。

7. Periods, question marks and exclamation marks: in accordance to [[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]], if there is available space, spacing can be reduced up until the minimum size of 1/2 em.

   位于行内的句号、问号、感叹号。依照[[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]，如果有调整空间则可以挤压，最小挤为半个汉字字宽。

   位於行內的句號、問號、驚嘆號。依照[[[#h-punctuation_adjustment_space]]]，如果有調整空間則可以擠壓，最小擠為半個漢字字寬。

Procedures for Inter-Character Space Expansion 拉伸处理的优先顺序 拉伸處理的優先順序

Inter-character space expansion should be processed according to the following steps, in order of precedence:

行内调整的拉伸处理，应该按照下述步骤，确定拉伸的优先顺序后依次进行处理：

行內調整的拉伸處理，應該按照下述步驟，確定拉伸的優先順序後依次進行處理：

1. Word spacing between Western text: for lines with several Western word spaces, these should be processed at the same time, with equal treatment. Each word space can be expanded to a maximum of 1/2 em.

   西文词距。一行内若有多处西文词距，应该同时、同等量处理，每个西文词距最大可以拉伸到半个汉字字宽。

   西文詞距。一行內若有多處西文詞距，應該同時、同等量處理，每個西文詞距最大可以拉伸到半個漢字字寬。

2. Space between Han characters and Western texts can be expanded from the default width (e.g., 1/4 em). They should be processed at the same time, with equal treatment.

   行内的中西间距，从默认宽度（如四分之一汉字宽）开始拉伸，一行内若有多处，应该同时、同等量处理，最大可拉大到半个汉字字宽。

   行內的中西間距，從默認寬度（如四分之一漢字寬）開始拉伸，一行內若有多處，應該同時、同等量處理，最大可拉大到半個漢字字寬。

If all the aforementioned adjustments are not applicable, or the desired line length cannot be achieved, only the remaining inter-character spacing may be expanded at the same time, with equal treatment, to achieve text justification. However, there are two exceptions:

若上述所有项目均无法调整，或调整之后依旧无法达到预设行长，则只能针对剩余所有字符间距，进行同时、同等量拉伸，但是：

若上述所有項目均無法調整，或調整之後依舊無法達到預設行長，則只能針對剩餘所有字符間距，進行同時、同等量拉伸，但是：

1. Spacing should not be added to characters stated in [[[#prohibition_rules_for_unbreakable_marks]]].

   禁止对[[[#prohibition_rules_for_unbreakable_marks]]]规定的字间距进行拉伸处理。

   禁止對[[[#prohibition_rules_for_unbreakable_marks]]]規定的字間距進行拉伸處理。

2. Avoid adding spacing to connector marks, solidi, and the characters immediately before and after these marks.

   避免对连接号、分隔号与其前后的字符进行拉伸处理。

   避免對連接號、分隔號與其前後的字符進行拉伸處理。

Types of Headings 标题的种类 標題的種類

In terms of text composition, there are three types of headings.

标题依照排版处理方式,可分为三种：

標題依照排版處理方式，可分為以下三種：

• Whole-page headings

  全页标题

  全頁標題

• Block headings

  内文标题

  內文標題

• Run-in headings

  同行标题

  同行標題

Whole page headings are used when there is a need to separate sections in a book, usually on a separate page with the following page left blank. Sometimes subheadings, selected sentences, names of the authors or selected paragraphs will also appear with the heading. The back side of the heading page is not necessarily always blank, for example, consider the Han-tobira in Japanese books, whose following even page is not blank, and is used for the main text.

全页为书籍中需要大幅区分时使用，为了标题而使用一整页，背面为空白。有时还会有副标、摘句、作者名以及图片、部分段落等元素配置其上。有时也有背面不为空白的使用方式。通常在书籍内文开始处，会以扉页标注书名。

全頁為書籍中需要大幅區分時使用，為了標題而使用一整頁，背面為空白。有時還會有副標、摘句、作者名以及圖片、部分段落等元素配置其上。有時也有背面不為空白的使用方式。通常在書籍內文開始處，會以扉頁標注書名。

A block heading is the heading occupying a whole, independent line. The main text is set on the very next line. Top level headings and medium level headings are of this type.

内文标题是以独立一行呈现标题的作法。在标题后换行，直接接续本文。大标与中标等使用这种形式配置。

內文標題是以獨立一行呈現標題的作法。於標題後換行，直接接續本文。大標與中標等使用這種形式配置。

A run-in heading is a heading immediately followed by main text without a line break, and is usually used as a low level heading. Note that a low level heading can also appear as a block heading.

同行标题为标题后接的文章不予换行，而以接续在标题后面继续排列的形式呈现。同行标题主要用于小标。此外，小标也会使用换行标题。

同行標題為標題後接的文章不予換行，而以接續在標題後面繼續排列的形式呈現。同行標題主要利用於小標。此外，小標也會使用換行標題。

Font Selection and Heading Font Size 突显标题的方式 突顯標題的方式

Since they aim to indicate the structural level, most of the time headings have some special way to indicate their level. Here are some rules for the headings:

标题主要是为了呈现阶层结构，所以需要以特别的表现体裁来显示其阶层。标题的表现体裁包含以下几种方式：

標題主要是為了呈現階層結構，所以需要以特別的表現體裁來顯示其階層。標題的表現體裁包含以下幾種方式：

1. Character size for the heading: The character size of headings should be selected in accordance with the level of headings. For example, when the character size of main text is 9 point, the small headings are usually set in 10 points, medium headings are usually set in 12 points and large headings are usually set in 14 points.

   使用不同的文字尺寸呈现标题的阶层，例如，有着大标、中标、小标时，小标比本文文字尺寸(例如：9 pt)大一阶段(例如：10 pt)，中标则比小标大一阶段(例如：12 pt)，大标则比中标大一阶段(例如:14 pt)。

   使用不同的文字尺寸呈現標題的階層，例如，有著大標、中標、小標時，小標比本文文字尺寸（例如：9 pt）大一階段（例如：10 pt），中標則比小標大一階段（例如：12 pt），大標則比中標大一階段（例如：14 pt）。

   The character size of headings is usually larger than that of the main text. When this rule is applied, the characters in the heading should be 10% to 20% larger. And the character size of higher level headings is larger than the size of smaller size headings.

   也有采用将本文文字尺寸依照比例放大的方式，使用这方式时，以10%–20%上下，依阶层放大为佳。

   也有採用將本文文字尺寸依照比例放大的方式，使用這方式時，以10%–20%上下，依階層放大為佳。

2. Type faces for headings: Both Hei or bold Song are usually used. Other type face designs like Yuan and Kai are sometimes used as well.

   字体使用黑体，或者采用宋体加粗。此外，也有使用圆体、楷体的案例。

   使用的字體使用黑體，或者採用宋體但加粗。此外，也有使用圓體、楷體的案例。

   In letterpress printing, when Song is used as the type face of the heading, it is always designed with a larger size; while in digital printing, due to its special typography, simply increasing the font size is not enough, the characters usually use bold style to indicate emphasis.

   活版印刷使用作为标题的宋体字，其活字设计时都会因为供标题使用而字重偏重。但使用数字字体时由于是采内文字设计，放大字级后显得过轻，几乎都会加重字重为粗体。

   活版印刷使用作為標題的宋體字，其活字設計時都會因為供標題使用而字重偏重。但使用數位字體時由於是採內文字設計，放大字級後顯得過輕，幾乎都會加重字重為粗體。

   When Hei is used as the type face of low level headings, the font-weight should be increased to emphasize the heading.

   使用黑体作为小标时，也都会加重字重，令标题突显。

   使用黑體作為小標時，也都會加重字重，令標題凸顯。

3. Alignment of headings (inline direction): In the case of horizontal writing mode, large headings and medium headings are in most cases center-aligned. In the case of vertical writing mode, headings are usually aligned to the line start with some indent.

   对齐横排的大标与中标使用置中对齐的案例相当多，但直排时，则多使用对齐行首或下字。

   對齊橫排的大標與中標使用置中對齊的案例相當多，但直排時，則多使用對齊行首或下字。

   The number of characters of line start indent for a heading depends on the heading level. If the heading level is higher, the indent character number is less, if the heading level is lower, the number of indent characters is more. The character size is based on the main text of the type area. The difference in character numbers is usually around two characters.

   下字时，下字的量一般使用版心设定文字尺寸的两倍汉字的长宽。大标、中标、小标下字量，由各排版者决定，无一定规则。

   下字時，下字的量一般使用版心設定文字尺寸的二倍漢字之長寬。大標、中標、小標下字量，由各排版者決定，無一定規則。

4. Whether to decorate with solid lines, images, or give a symbol on the top of the heading.

   其它加上框线、图片、记号等。

   其他加上框線、圖片、記號等。

How to Handle Headings with New Recto and Page Break 单页起、换页处理 單頁起、換頁處理

A large heading sometimes starts with a new page following a page break, to clearly demarcate the separation between sections, in which case the process below should be followed:

标题为了做出明确区分，而会使用在新页面开始的方法，此时按照以下原则处理。

標題為了作出明確區分，而會使用於新頁面開始的方法，此時以以下原則處理：

1. Always begin with odd pages, i.e. new recto.

   一定要出现于奇数页称为单页起，主要应用于扉页、大标等。

   一定要出現於奇數頁稱為單頁起，主要應用於扉頁、大標等。

   Vertical writing mode and books bound on the right-hand side begin with a left page, horizontal writing mode and books bound on the left-hand side begin with a right page after a new recto.

   直排右翻书，由左页开始（称为左页起），横排左翻书，由右页开始（称为右页起）。

   直排右翻書，由左頁開始（稱為左頁起），橫排左翻書，由右頁開始（稱為右頁起）。

2. Always begin with new pages, regardless of even pages or odd pages, i.e. page breaking. Used for large headings.

   不分奇数页还偶数页，从新页面开始称为换页。主要用于大标。

   不分奇數頁還偶數頁，從新頁面開始稱為換頁。主要用於大標。

3. When medium headings or small headings appear on the last line of a page and there is no space left for the following paragraphs, the medium headings or small headings should be moved to the next page.

   当中标、小标出现在某一页的最末尾，其后没有空间以至于无法接续内文段落时，由于这样的呈现会使得体裁不良，也会让中标、小标换页，在下一页开头呈现。

   當中標、小標出現於某一頁的最末尾，其後沒有空間以至於無法接續內文段落時，由於這樣的呈現會使得體裁不良，也會讓中標、小標換頁，於下一頁開頭呈現。

Handling of Spaces just before the New Recto, Page Breaks and New Edges 单页起、换页处理时，前一页的处理 單頁起、換頁處理時，前一頁的處理

Spaces just before new rectos, page breaks and new columns are treated as follows (the last pages are treated as the same):

单页起、换页处理时，前一页的排版处理会是问题(最终页的处理亦同)，按照以下原则处理：

單頁起、換頁處理時，前一頁的排版處理會是問題（最終頁的處理亦同），以以下原則處理：

1. In the case of single column typesetting, the spaces just before the new rectos and page breaks are left as they are.

   不分栏排版遇到单页起与换页时，前一页末尾后面留空即可。

   不分欄排版遇到單頁起與換頁時，前一頁末尾後面留空即可。

2. In the case of multiple columns, the remaining space of preceding columns is left as it is.

   换栏时，前一栏末尾后面留空即可。

   換欄時，前一欄末尾後面留空即可。

3. In the case of vertical writing mode, columns are filled with text lines from upper right to lower left. There is no need to align line numbers of the upper column and lower column, and remaining spaces are left as they are.

   直排多栏排版时，由上栏往下栏，各行依序排列，行数可不齐。

   直排多欄排版時，由上欄往下欄，各行依序排列，行數可不齊。

4. In horizontal writing mode and multi-column format, the number of lines for each column is set to be the same, but where the result of the total number of lines divided by the column number chosen for the type area results in an odd number, the last column may have a smaller number of lines and may be followed by a blank space.

   横排多栏排版时，各栏行数原则上需对齐。若无法对齐时，不足的行数在最右栏末尾留空。

   橫排多欄排版時，各欄行數原則上需對齊。若無法對齊時，不足的行數於最右欄末留空。

Processing of Run-in Headings 同行标题的处理方式 同行標題的處理方式

Run-in headings are usually used for low level headings. The following are some examples of run-in headings. Inter-character space between the run-in heading and following main text is usually a one character space of the base character size decided for the type area. Note that the run-in heading may be set at the last line of the page, or of the column in multi column style.

同行标题主要用于小标，以下介绍几个同行标题的配置范例。同行标题与之后接续内文的空白量，一般为版心设定文字尺寸的全角空白。此外，同行标题可以配置于页末。

同行標題主要用於小標，以下介紹幾個同行標題的配置範例。同行標題與之後接續內文的空白量，一般為版心設定文字尺寸的全形空白。此外，同行標題可以配置於頁末。

1. The run-in heading is set with the same character size as the main text and in Hei or Kai.

   与内文采相同文字尺寸，字体改为黑体或者楷体。

   與內文採相同文字尺寸，字體改為黑體或者楷體。

2. Set the run-in heading in a character size not smaller than the main text and use Hei or Kai.

   不比内文文字尺寸较小，字体改为黑体或者楷体。

   不比內文文字尺寸較小，字體改為黑體或者楷體。

   The space that the run-in headings take is not an integer times larger than the characters in the body content, and the space between the run-in headings and body content can be adjusted so as to align the body content as well as the line start and line end.

   此时同行标题所占空间并非内文文字尺寸的整数倍，所以可调整与内文间的空白量，以避免内文文字无法纵横对齐，或者无法齐行首、行尾。

   此時同行標題所占空間並非內文文字尺寸的整數倍，所以可調整與內文間的空白量，以避免內文文字無法縱橫對齊，或者無法齊行首、行尾。

3. Set the run-in heading with the same character size and typeface as the main text, but add heading numbers or European numerals in front of the heading.

   与内文采用相同文字尺寸与字体，但在前面添加汉字数字或阿拉伯数字。

   與內文採用相同文字尺寸與字體，但於前面添加漢字數字或阿拉伯數字。